Malwazi kaatanagwisya malwazi aasika ku 3 billion naa kwiinda waawo, musamu ooyu wakagwasya kuyaka cisi ca Amelika chisumpukide. Kuti tupilusye bulemu bwabo bwakasweeka, tulakonzya kuyandika kutambula akubambulula zilenge.
Chimwi chiindi mu 1989, Herbert Darling wakatambula luwaile: Muvwimi wakamwaambila kuti wakaswaangana amusamu mulamfu wa chestnut waku Amelika aabusena bwa Darling mu Zor Valley kujwe lya New York. Darling wakalizi kuti ma chestnuts akali musamu uuyandikana loko muchibaka eecho. Wakalizi kuti kazunda kajaya kakali afwaafwi kuzimaanya musyobo ooyu kwamyaka iitandila kumwaanda acisela. Naakamvwa lipooti yamuvwimi aatala akubona nswi ipona, chisiko cha nswi eeyi yakali mamita obile mubulamfu mpawo yakasika kuchiyaka chamaanda osanwe, wakadooneka. "Nsikwe simpe kuti ndilasyoma kuti ulizyi nzi," Darling wakaamba.
Chiindi Darling naakajana musamu, chakali mbuli kuti wakali kulanga chikozyano chamaseseke. Wakati: "Chakali chintu chili kabotu loko kuchita chikozyano-chakali chibotu loko." Asi Darling wakabona kuti musamu wakali kufwa. Kuzwa kumatalikilo aamyaka yakuma 1900, lyakajatikizyigwa abulwazi mbubonya oobo, oobo buyeeyelwa kuti bwakajaya bantu bali 3 billion naa kwiinda waawo akaambo kamalwazi aali boobu. Oobu mbobulwazi bwakusaanguna butaanzigwa abantu bwalo bujaya misamu mumakani aamazubaano. Darling wakayeeya kuti, ikuti naa tanaakali kukonzya kuvwuna musamu ooyo, wakali kunga wafwutula mbuto zyawo. Kuli penzi lyomwe luzutu: musamu tauchiti chintu nkaambo taakwe misamu iimbi iili afwaafwi iikonzya kuuzyala.
Darling ngu injiniya uubelesya nzila zya injiniya kumanizya mapenzi. Mumwezi waChikungwi wakatobela, aawo maluba aamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala wamubala, Darling wakazuzya zilwanyo zyamusamu uutegwa shot powder, ooyo wakatolwa kumaluba aamwaalumi aamusamu uumbi wa chestnut ngwaakaiya, mpawo wakaunka kunyika. Chakatola woola lyomwe acisela. wakadubula musamu kuzwa mundeke njaakabbadelela. (Weendelezya inkamu yakuyaka iizwidilila iikonzya kuula zintu zitayandiki kapati.) Ooku kusoleka kwakaalilwa. Mwaka wakatobela, Darling wakasola alimwi. Aachiindi eechi, walo amwanaakwe musankwa bakakwelela ntalisyo kuya kuma chestnuts atala aacilundu mpawo bakayaka chibuwa cha 80-foot-high mumviki ziinda kuli zyobile. Muyandwa wangu wakatanta atala aaciluli akusanzya maluba amaluba aali mbuli njuka kumusamu uumbi wa chestnut.
Mukuwa ooko, mitabi yamusamu wa Darling yakazyala mababa aavumbidwe amaamvwa aasalala pyu. Aaya maamvwa akali mapati alimwi abosya cakuti alakonzya kuyeeyelwa kuti nga cacti. Kutebula takuli kupati pe, kuli nzungu zili 100, asi Darling wakabyala zimwi mpawo wakabikka bulangilizi. Walo amweenzinyina bakaswaangana aCharles Maynard aWilliam Powell, basyaabusongo bobile bamisamu kuState University ofNew York School of Environmental Science and Forestry muSyracuse (Chuck aBill bakafwa). Ino-ino bakatalisya mulimo wakuvwuntauzya musamu wa chestnut uubelesya mali masyoonto ooko. Darling wakabapa ma chestnuts mpawo wakabuzya basayaansi kuti naa inga babelesya kuti bapilusye. Darling wakati: "Eezi zilibonya kuba chintu chibotu loko." "Kujwe lyoonse lya Amelika." Nokuba boobo, nokwakainda myaaka miche, musamu wakwe wakafwa.
Kuzwaawo bantu bakuYulopu nibakatalika kukkala muNorth America, makani aajatikizya misitu yanyika eeyi akasweeka. Nokuba boobo, muzeezo wa Darling lino ubonwa abantu biingi kuti ngomwi wazyoolwe zibotu zyakutalisya kubambulula makani – kumatalikilo aamwaka ooyu, Templeton World Charity Foundation yakabikka Maynard a Powell's Ipulojekiti yakazumizya bunji bwamakani aakaindi, mpawo ooku kusoleka kwakakonzya kugwisya mulimo muniini wakabelesya mali aayinda ku $3 miliyoni. Chakali chipego chipati kwiinda zyoonse zyakapegwa ku yunivesiti. Buvwuntauzi bwabasyaazibwene mumakani aabuumi businikizya basikukwabilila busena kuti balange bulangizi munzila mpya alimwi zimwi ziindi iitakatazyi, kuti kubambulula nyika yazilenge tacaambi kujokela ku Muunda wa Edeni uutakwe ntenda pe. Pesi, chilakonzya kwaamba kutambula mulimo ngotwakabweza: injiniya wazintu zyoonse kubikkilizya azilenge.
Matu aa Chestnut malamfu alimwi ajisi meno, alimwi alibonya mbuli tubeela tobilo tusyoonto tusiya-siya twaswaangene musyule amusyule kumutsinga wamukati watu. Kumamanino amwi, matu obile aswaangene kumusamu. Kumamanino aambi, zipanga nsingo iibosya, eeyo kanjikanji ikotama kumbali. Eechi chintu chilangilwi chakachitika mukati kazisamu zitakwe muzuzumo amusenga zili mumalundu, mpawo kulota kutaliboteli kwabasikweenda kwakapa kuti bantu babikkile maanu, kubayeezya lweendo lwabo lwamusyokwe oomo mwakajisi misamu myiingi iilaanguzu.
Alikke kwiinda mumabbuku akuyeeya mbutukonzya kumvwisisisya misamu eeyi. Lucille Griffin, mweendelezi wa American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, wakalemba kuti ooko ulakonzya kubona ma chestnut mabotu loko zyakuti muchilimo, maluba aajisi kkilimu, aasalala aamusamu "mbuli mayuwe aajisi busi aakali kuseluka kuzwa kucilundu", akusololela kuziyeekezyo zyabausyikulu. Muchiindi chamalila, musamu uyoopwasuka alimwi, aachiindi eechi ulaamabala aajisi mababa aavwumba bubotu. "Aawo ma chestnut naakali kubbila, ndakali kuyobolola chisela cha bbasheli muchiindi chamupeyo," Thoreau wakalemba mu "Walden." "Muchiindi eecho, chakali kukkomanisya loko kweendeenda mumuunda wa chestnut uutagoli muLincoln muchiindi eecho."
Ma Chestnuts alasyomeka loko. Kwiindana amisamu ya oak iidonkola buyo ma acorn muminyaka miche, misamu ya chestnut ilazyala mweelwe mupati wa nzungu muchiindi chamalila. Ma chestnuts alaubauba kugaya: ulakonzya kwaagwisya mpawo uulye kaatabizidwe pe. (Sola kubelesya ma acorns aajisi ma tannins manji-naa utachiti pe.) Muntu woonse ulya ma chestnuts: nziba, squirrel, bbeya, kayuni, muntu. Balimi bakaleka ngulube zyabo mpawo bakaneneeka mumusokwe. Muchiindi che Kkilisimasi, zitima zizwide nseke zyakali kweenda kuzwa kumalundu kuya kudolopo. Iyi, bakatentwa ncobeni amulilo. "Kwaambwa kuti mumasena amwi, balimi balajana mali manji kwiinda mukusambala nseke kwiinda zintu zyoonse zyabulimi," wakaamba William L. Bray, mweendelezi wakusaanguna wachikolo ooko Maynard a Powell nkobakabelekela. Yakalembwa mu 1915. Musamu wabantu, bunji bwawo ulakomena musyokwe.
Alimwi chilapa zyiingi kunze lyachakulya luzutu. Misamu ya chestnut ilakonzya kutanta kusika kumafiti aali 120, mpawo mafiti aakusaanguna aali 50 taakwe naanyonganizigwa amitabi naa nsinga. Eechi nchiloto chabasikutebula misamu. Nikuba kuti teensi musamu mubotu loko naakuti muyumu, ulakomena chakufwambaana, ikapati kuti wamena alimwi nikwakamana kugonkwa mpawo tauboli pe. Mbuli kusima kwantambo zya njanji amasamu aamafooni mbokwakainda bubotu, Chestnut wakagwasya kuyaka cisi ca Amelika chisumpukide. Zyuulu zyaziyobwedo, maanda aazikombelo zyakabambwa ama chestnut zichiliimvwi; mulembi mu 1915 wakayeeyela kuti ooyu ngomusamu wakagonkwa kapati mu United States.
Mumasena manji aakujwe-misamu ilazwa ku Mississippi kusikila ku Maine, alimwi akuzwa kunkomwe yalwizi lwa Atlantic kusikila ku Mulonga wa Mississippi-ma chestnuts aalo ngamwi aayo. Asi mu Appalachians, wakali musamu mupati. Mabbiliyoni aama chestnut akkala mumalundu aaya.
Nchintu cheelede kuti Fusarium wilt yakasaanguna kulibonya muNew York, ooko nkoili mulyango wabantu banji baku Amelika. Mu 1904, bulwazi butazyibidwe bwakajanika achikumba cha musamu wa chestnut wakali muntenda yakumana mu Bronx Zoo. Basikuvwuntauzya bakafwambaana kujana kuti tuzunda twakapa kuti kube bulwazi bwamabacteria (bwakazooitwa kuti Cryphonectria parasitica) bwakasika kuzisamu zyaku Japani kuzwa kunze aacisi mu 1876. (Kanjikanji kuli chiindi chilamfu aakati kakutalisyigwa kwamusyobo umwi akujanika kwamapenzi aalibonya.)
Muchiindi chifwiifwi bantu mumasena amwi bakaamba kuti misamu yakali kufwa. Mu 1906, William A. Murrill, syaazibwene mumakani aamisamu ku New York Botanical Garden, wakamwaya lugwalo lwakusaanguna lwasayaansi kujatikizya bulwazi oobu. Muriel wakatondeezya kuti eechi chintu chipa kuti kube mapunga aasalala pyu aachikumba chamusamu wa chestnut, mpawo chipa kuti chisale chisalala kuzyunguluka musamu. Eelyo busani amaanzi nozitachikonzyi kweenda kuya mujulu akuseluka mumitsinga yachikumba munsi lyachikumba, zyoonse zili atala aachikobela chalufu ziyoofwa.
Bamwi bantu tabakonzyi kweezyeezya-naa tabayandi kuti bamwi bayeeye-musamu uuzimaana musyokwe. Mu 1911, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, inkamu yabana baniini mu Pennsylvania, yakasyoma kuti bulwazi oobu "bwakali kwiinda buyo kuyoowa pe." Kubako kwachiindi chilamfu kwabasikumwaya makani batakwe mikuli. Ipulazi lyakajalwa mu 1913. Myaka yobile yainda, Pennsylvania yakabunganya kkomiti iilanganya bulwazi bwa chestnut, yakapegwa nguzu zyakubelesya mali aasika ku US$275,000 (mali manji kapati aciindi eeco), alimwi yakaambilizya nguzu zyakubweza ntaamu zyakulwana kucisa ooku, kubikkilizya anguzu zyakunyonyoona misamu iili mumasena aabantu. Basyaazibwene mumakani aamalwazi baamba kuti misamu yoonse ya chestnut igwisyigwe mumakkilomita masyoonto kuzwa kunembo lyabulwazi bupati kuchitila kuti kutabi mulilo. Pesi kwajanwa kuti eeyi nkumba ilakonzya kuzuza kuya kuzisamu zitakwe bulwazi, mpawo tuzunda twawo tulakonzya kujatwa amuwo, bayuni, tuzunda abantu. muzeezo wakasiigwa.
Kuzosika mu 1940, taakwe nswi zipati zyakajatwa bulwazi. Mazubaano, mpindu yamabbiliyoni aamadola yakamana. Mbuli fusarium wilt mboitakonzyi kupona mumuse, miyanda ya chestnut ilazumanana kumena, mpawo miyanda iinda ku 400 miliyoni yayo ichili mumusokwe. Nokuba boobo, Fusarium wilt yakajana busena bwakuyobweda maanzi mumusamu wa oak oomo moyakali kukkala kakunyina kunyonyoona kapati sikutambula. Kuzwa aawo, chakufwambaana kumwaika kuya kumatumbu mapya aa chestnut mpawo akuagwisya ansi, kanjikanji kaatana sika achiindi chakuzyala maluba.
Basikupanga zisamu bakajana nzila zimbi: oak, pine, walnut, antoomwe a ash. Kubamba masusu, amwi makkampani mapati aayeeme amisamu ya chestnut, akasanduka kubelesya misamu yakupanga masusu. Kuli balimi biingi batakwe mali, taakwe nchobeelede kuchincha: taakwe musamu uumbi uupa balimi abanyama babo ma calories ama protein manji aatabbadelelwi, aasyomeka alimwi manji. Bulwazi bwa Chestnut blight bulakonzya kwaambwa kuti bulamanizya cilengwa cakulima cakulijanina bantu baku Appalachian, akusinikizya bantu bamucilawo eeco kuti kabasala: kuya mumugodi wamalasha naa kulongela kulamfwu. Syaazibwene mumakani aakaindi Donald Davis wakalemba mu 2005 kuti: "Akaambo kakufwa kwama chestnut, nyika yoonse yafwa, akugusya zilengwa zyakupona zyakaliko mumalundu aa Appalachian kwamyaanda yamyaka iitandila kuli yone."
Powell wakakomenena kule kuzwa ku Appalachians ama chestnuts. Bausyi bakabeleka mu Nkamu Yabasikalumamba Bamujulu mpawo bakalongela kumukwasyi wabo: Indiana, Florida, Germany, akujwe lya Maryland. Nikuba kuti wakakkala chiindi chilamfu muNew York, nzyaakaamba zyakazumanana kuba abulemu bwaku Midwest akusalulula kutalibonyi pesi kulibonya kwakumusanza. Bube bwakwe buuba-uba anzila yakwe yakusonka zizwaato zilagwasyanya, mbuli majini aajisi mabbaaji aasalala aatamani. Ijwi lyakwe ndyayandisya kapati lyakuti "wow".
Powell uyanda kuba musilisi wabanyama kusikila mufundisi wazyintu zyachilengwaleza wamusyomezya bulangilizi bwabulimi bupya, buteteete buyeeme azisyango zyakasandulwa zyintu zikonzya kuzyala nguzu zyakwe zyakukwabilila tuzunda amalwazi. "Ndakayeeya kuti, wow, tazili kabotu kupanga misamu iikonzya kulikwabilila kuzwa kuzilwazi, mpo toyelede kusansaila misamu iijaya zilwazi kulinjiyo?" Powell wakaamba. "Masimpe, nyika yoonse tiitobeli muzeezo nguwenya."
Powell naakasika kuchikolo cha Utah State University mu 1983, tanaakabikkila maanu pe. Nokuba boobo, wakanjila mu laboratory ya syaazibwene mumakani aabuumi, mpawo wakali kubeleka kazunda kakonzya kumana manguzu aa blight fungus. Kusoleka kwabo kubelesya kazunda aaka tiikwakaunka kabotu pe: tiikwakamwaika kuzwa kumusamu kuya kuli umwi kulikke, aboobo kwakeelede kuchitwa kweendelana amisyobo myiingi ya fungal. Nikuba kakuli boobo, Powell wakabotelwa amakani aamusamu mupati wakawida ansi mpawo wakapa nzila yasayaansi yakumanizya kulubizya kwabantu. Wakati: "Akaambo kakutalanganya kabotu zintu zyesu zyakali kweenda munyika yoonse, twakabweza tuzunda tuzwa kunze." "Ndakayeeya kuti: Wow, ezi zilakkomanisya. Kuli coolwe chakuzipilusya."
Powell teensi wakali wakusaanguna kusola kugwisya kusweekelwa. Nikwakamana kuzyibwa kuti ma chestnut aaku Amelika alakonzya kwaalilwa, USDA yakasola kubyala misamu ya Chinese chestnut, imwi iikonzya kukazya kubola, kuchitila kumvwisisisya kuti naa musyobo ooyu ulakonzya kunjila mubusena bwa chestnut yaku Amelika. Nokuba boobo, ma chestnuts akomena kapati anze, mpo ali mbuli misamu yamicelo kwiinda misamu yamicelo. Bakali basyoonto musyokwe akaambo kamisamu ya oak azimwi zipati zyaku Amelika. Kukomena kwabo kulasinkililwa, naakuti balafwa biyo. Basayaansi abalo bakasola kuzyala misamu ya chestnuts kuzwa ku United States aku China antoomwe, kabasyoma kuti inga bazyala musamu uujisi bube bubotu bwazyoonse zyobile. Kusoleka kwafulumende kwakaalilwa mpawo kwakasiigwa.
Powell wakamanizya kubeleka ku State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry, ooko nkwaakaswaangana a Chuck Maynard, syaazibwene mumakani aazyalani wakabyala misamu mu laboratory. Myaka miche buyo yainda, basayaansi bakapanga nyama yakusaanguna yacincwa-akuyungizya nyama iikonzya kupa kuti tombwe itabi aamisamu iijaya tuzunda kutegwa batondezye nzila zyakupanga zintu kutali kubelesyegwa mumakwebo. Maynard (Maynard) wakatalika kubelesya minchina mipya, kumwi kayandaula minchina iigwasya iijatikizya njiyo. Aachiindi eecho, Darling wakalijisi mbuto zimwi abuyumuyumu: kubambulula nseke zyaku Amelika.
Muzyuulu zyamyaka zyakuzyala zisyango zyachiindi, balimi (abasayaansi bachiindi chifwiifwi) bakaswaanganya misyobo iijisi bube mbobayanda. Mpawo, ma genes alasanganyigwa antoomwe, mpawo bantu basala misanganisyo iisyomya kuti ibe micelo mipati, mibotu loko naakuti michelo iikwabilila malwazi. Kanjikanji, chitola mazyalani miingi kuti chintu chipangwe. Eeyi nzila ilafwambaana alimwi ilanyonganya. Darling wakagambwa kuti naa nzila eeyi inga yazyala musamu mubotu mbuli bube bwakwe bwamusyokwe. Wakandaambila kuti: "Ndiyeya kuti tulakonzya kuchita kabotu kwiinda waawo."
Kubamba ma gene chaamba kweendelezya kupati: nikuba kuti gene imwi izwa kumusyobo uutakwe mpuwo, ilakonzya kusalwa kuti ichite mulimo umwi mpawo ibikkwe mu genome yachimwi chintu. (Zintu zipona zijisi ma genes kuzwa kumisyobo yiindene-indene "zilacincwa." Ino-ino, basayaansi bakapanga nzila zyakucinca ma genes aazilenge nzyobayanda.) Eeyi nzila ilasyomezya kuchita zintu munzila iiluzi akufwambaana. Powell usyoma kuti eezi zilibonya kuti zileelela kapati kuzisamu zyaku Amelika, eezyo nzyaamba kuti "zisamu zilondokede"-ziyumu, zilamfu, alimwi zijisi chakulya chiingi, ziyandika buyo kululamikwa: kukazyigwa akubola kwatuzunda.
Noyandwa ndazuminana. Wakati: "Tweelede kuba aba injiniya mumakwebo eesu." "Kuzwa kukuyaka kuya kukuyaka eechi nchintu chilikke chilikke."
Powell a Maynard bayeeyela kuti inga kwatola myaaka ilikkumi kujana ma genes aagwasya kulwana, kupanga nzila zyakuziyungizya ku chestnut genome, mpawo akukomezya. "Tuyeeyela biyo," Powell wakaamba. "Kunyina muntu uujisi ma genes aagwasya kulwana tuzunda. Twakatalika kuzwa kubusena butakwe chintu."
Darling wakayandaula lugwasyo kuzwa ku American Chestnut Foundation, mbunga iitavwoli mpindu yakatalisyigwa kumatalikilo aamyaka yakuma 1980. Musololi wayo wakamwaambila kuti wakalisweekede. Balilyaabide kukusanganya zintu alimwi balazumanana kucenjela kujatikizya kubamba ma gene, calo cakabusya kukazyigwa abasikukwabilila busena. Aboobo, Darling wakatalisya mbunga yakwe iitavwoli mali kuti igwasye mulimu wakubamba ma gene. Powell wakaamba kuti mbunga yakalemba cheki yakusaanguna kuli Maynard a Powell ya $30,000. (Mu 1990, mbunga yanyika yoonse yakabambulula akuzumina nkamu ya Darling's secessionism kuti ibe mutabi wayo wakusaanguna, asi bamwi bakali kudooneka naakuti bakali kukazya loko nzila zyakupanga ma gene.)
Maynard a Powell bali amulimu. Mpawo-mpawo, chiindi nchobakali kuyeeyela chakalibonya kuti nchintu chiteendelani pe. Chintu chakusanguna nchakuziba mbokonzya kulima ma chestnuts mu laboratory. Maynard wakasola kusanganya matu aa chestnut a homoni yakukomezya mumupika wa pulasitiki uuzungulukide, nzila ibelesyegwa kulima misamu ya poplar. Zyakazo chaamba kuti eezi tazikonzeki pe. Misamu mipya taikonzyi kuzyala miyanda amatu kuzwa kumaseelo aalibedelede. Maynard wakati: "Ndili musololi wanyika yoonse mukujaya misamu ya chestnut." Sikuvwuntauzya ku Yunivesiti yaku Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) wakamanizya kuyiisya Maynard mbuli mbwakonzya kuzwa kukuzyalana kuya kukuzyalana kwama chestnuts muma embryos muchiindi chakukomena.
Kujana gene yeelede-mulimu waPowell- awalo wakatondezya kuti nchintu chiyumu. Wakatola myaaka myiingi kavwuntauzya musamu uujaya tuzunda uuyeeme amajini aamafwuwa, asi wakaleka musamu ooyu nkaambo kakuyoowa kuti bantu balakonzya kutatambula misamu iijisi mafwuwa. Mpawo wakalangaula gene iilwana bulwazi bwabacteria mu chestnuts, asi wakajana kuti kukwabilila musamu kuyandika ma gene miingi (bakajana kuti aatasiki kuli cisambomwe). Mpawo, mu 1997, mweenzinyina wakapiluka kuzwa kumuswaangano wasayaansi mpawo wakalemba bbuku lyamakani aamba. Powell wakalemba mutwe wamakani uulaa mutwe wakuti "Kutondezya oxalate oxidase muzisyango zyakasandulwa kupa kuti kutabi oxalate antoomwe a oxalate-producing fungi". Kuzwa mukuvwuntauzya kwakwe kwamavairasi, Powell wakalizi kuti tuzunda twa wilt tulagwisya oxalic acid kuti tujaye chikumba che chestnut akupa kuti chigaye kabotu. Powell wakabona kuti ikuti chestnut yakonzya kulipangila oxalate oxidase (puloteni iilibedelede iikonzya kutyolaula oxalate), mpawo ilakonzya kulikwabilila. Wakati: "Eeyo yakali chiindi changu cha Eureka."
Zyakazo chaamba kuti misamu myiingi ilijisi gene iikonzya kupanga oxalate oxidase. Kuzwa kuli sikuvwuntauzya wakapa makani, Powell wakajana musyobo wa maila. Sikwiiya wakamanizya chikolo Linda Polin McGuigan wakasumpula nzila ya "gene gun" kuti italike ma genes muma embryos aa chestnut, kayeeya kuti alakonzya kubikwa mu DNA ya embryo. Ijini lyakakkala mumwana uutanazyalwa kwakaindi kaniini, asi lyakamana. Kabunga kabasikuvwuntauzya kakasiya nzila eeyi mpawo bakasanduka kuya kuli tuzunda twakapanga nzila yakukosola DNA yazilenge zimwi akubikka ma genes aabo. Muchilengedwe, tuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto tuyungizya ma genes aasinikizya sikutambula kuti achite chakulya chabacteria. Basyaazibwene mumakani aama gene bakanjila mu tuzunda ootu kuchitila kuti tukonzye kubikka kufumbwa gene nzyayanda basayaansi. McGuigan wakajana nguzu zyakuyungizya ma genes aamaila amapuloteni aakutondezya kuzyala zya chestnut. Eelyo ma protein naabikkwa mumumuni aama microscope, ma protein alagwisya mumuni uusalala pyu, kutondezya kuti kwazwidilila kunjila. (Kabunga kakafwambaana kuleka kubelesya ma protein aakutondezya-kunyina wakali kuyanda musamu uukonzya kumweka.) Maynard wakaamba kuti nzila eeyi "nchintu chibotu kwiinda zyoonse munyika."
Mukuya kwachiindi, Maynard a Powell bakayaka nzila yakubunganya misamu ya chestnut, eeyo lino iisika kumaanda manji aa 1960s yakayakidwe zitina abwaanda bwakuvwuntauzya misitu, antoomwe abusena bupya bwa “Biotech Accelerator” buli anze aachikolo. Nzila yakusaanguna ilabikkilizya kusala ma embryo azwa kumaseelo aakozyenye (ma embryo manji aapangidwe mu laboratory taali kuchita oobo, aboobo takugwasyi pe kupanga ma clone) mpawo akubikka ma genes aamaila. Maseelo aamutumbu, mbuli agar, nchintu chili mbuli pudding chigwisigwa kuzwa ku algae. Kutegwa kusandulwe mwana kuba musamu, basikuvwuntauzya bakayungizya mahomoni aakukomezya. Myaanda yaziyobwedo zyapulasitiki zilimbuli cube zili amasamu masyoonto aatakwe miyanda zilakonzya kubikwa ashelufu munsi lya lampi lyanguzu. Kumamanino, basayaansi bakabelesya mahomoni aakuzyala miyanda, bakabyala misamu yabo yakusaanguna muzilongo zyakazwide bulongo, mpawo bakaibikka mukaanda kakukomena kakuli kweendelezyegwa kupya. Kakunyina kugambya, misamu iili mu laboratory ili muchimo chibi anze. Aboobo, basikuvwuntauzya bakazibikka antoomwe azisamu zyamusyokwe kuti zizyale zitondezyo ziyumu pesi zitazungaani kuti zisunkwe mumuunda.
Muchilimo zyobile zyainda, Hannah Pilkey, sikwiiya wakamanizya chikolo mu laboratory ya Powell, wakanditondezya mbondikonzya kuchita eezi. Wakalimya tuzunda tupa kuti tuzunda twamabacteria tuchite kabotu mumupika muniini wapulasitiki. Muchiimo eechi chijalidwe, tuzunda twamubala wa orenji tulibonya mbuli kuti tatukwe ntenda alimwi tuli kabotu. Nchintu chiyumu kuyeeya kuti ncechipa kuti bantu banji bafwe akunyonyoona.
Inzoka yakali ansi yakafwugama ansi, yakalemba chibeela chamamilimita osanwe aamusamu muniini, yakakosola ziindi zyotatwe achisamu, mpawo yakananika chilonda. Wakazijala achipepa chapulasitiki. Wakati: "Chili mbuli bbanti." Mbwaanga oyu musamu uutakonzyi kulwana, ulangila kuti bulwazi bwamubala wa orenji buyoomwaika chakufwambaana kuzwa kubusena bwakubikkila misamu mpawo buzingulukide tusamu tusyoonto. Wakanditondezya misamu imwi yakajisi ma genes aamaila ngaakasilika kaindi. Bulwazi bujanika buyo aawo mpaakachegwa, mbuli milomo mitete ya orenji afwaafwi amulomo muniini.
Mu 2013, Maynard a Powell bakaambilizya kuzwidilila kwabo mukuvwuntauzya kwa Transgenic: myaka iili 109 kuzwa bulwazi bwa American chestnut nobwakajanwa, bakapanga misamu iilibonya mbuli kuti ilakonzya kulikwabilila, nikuba kuti yalwanwa atuzunda tunji tuyumu. Mukulemeka sikugwasizya wabo wakusaanguna, wakabikka mali aasika ku $250,000, mpawo basikuvwuntauzya bali kuulika misamu azina lyakwe. Eezi zyiitwa kuti Darling 58.
Muswaangano wamwaka wa New York Chapter wa American Chestnut Foundation wakachitilwa muhotela nsyoonto kunze lya New Paltz muli Mujibelo imvwula mu mwezi wa Nalupale 2018. Bantu babalilwa ku 50 bakabungana antoomwe. Muswaangano ooyu wakali muswaangano wasayaansi mpawo wakali muswaangano wakucincanya zintu. Kusule lya kaanda kaniini kakuswaanganina, basimbungano bakacincanya zibbeeke zya Ziploc zizwide nseke. Muswaangano ooyu wakali wakusaanguna muminyaka iili makumi obile atutatwe kuti Darling naa Maynard tiibakajanika pe. Mapenzi aabuumi akapa kuti boonse bobilo bazwe. "Twakali kuchita oku kwachiindi chilamfu, mpawo amwaka woonse tulaumuna akaambo kabafwide," Allen Nichols, mweendelezi wakabunga, wakandaambila. Nikuliboobo, bantu bachili kabotu: musamu wakasandulwa wakainda myaaka myiingi yakusunkwa kwakukwabililwa akubeleka kabotu.
Bamwi bachibeela bakapa ntalisyo iimvwika aatala abukkale bwamusamu mupati wa chestnut uukkala muNew York State. Pilkey abamwi bana bachikolo bakatalisya mbokuyobololwa akubamba bulongo, mbokukomezyegwa ma chestnut mumumuni wamukati, anzila yakuzuzya bulongo amalwazi aa blight kuchitila kuti misamu izumanane kupona kwachiindi chilamfu. Bantu bajisi nsingo zya cashew, bunji bwabo balazyala akulima misamu yabo beni, bakabuzya mibuzyo kuli basayaansi baniini.
Bowell wakalala ansi, kasamide chintu chakali kulibonya mbuli yunifomu iitazumizyidwe yachibalo eechi: shati ilijisi nsingo yakabikkidwe mumajini. Kuchita kwakwe kwamizeezo yomwe-mulimo wakwe wamyaka makumi otatwe wakabambilwa kuzinguluka makanze aa Herb Darling aakuti ajane nseke zya chestnuts- nchintu chitavwuli kujanika akati kabasayaansi, aabo kanjikanji bachita buvwuntauzi mumyaka yosanwe yakujana mali, mpawo eezyo mpindu zibotu zilapegwa kuli bamwi kuti bazisambale. Don Leopold, mweenzuma ku Dipatimenti ya Powell's Environmental Science and Forestry, wakandaambila kuti: "Ulabikkila maanu kapati alimwi ulalilemeka." "Wabikka maketeni. Takanyonganizyigwa azintu zyiingi pe. Chiindi buvwuntauzi nibwakazwidilila, beendelezi ba State University of New York (SUNY) bakamujata akulomba kuti musamu wakwe ube aachizuminano kuchitila kuti yunivesiti igwasyigwe, asi Powell wakakaka. Wakati misamu yakachinchilwa ma genes ilimbuli chestnuts yakaindi. Powell wakabelekela bantu bali mukaanda aaka.
Asi wakabachenjezya: Musule akuzunda buyumuyumu bunji, misamu yakachinchwa ilakonzya kujana buyumuyumu bupati: mfwulumende yaku Amelika. Mvwiki zisyoonto zyainda, Powell wakatuma fayela lyamapeeji aasika ku 3,000 ku Nkamu Yabulimi yaku Amelika, Nkamu Iilanganya Buumi Bwabanyama Azisyango, eeyo iijisi mukuli wakuzumizya misamu yakacincwa. Eezi zitalisya nzila yakuzumizya ya mbunga: langa lugwalo lwakulomba, kulomba bantu kuti baambe nzyobayeeya, kulemba lugwalo lwakujatikizya busena, kulomba bantu kuti baambe nzyobayeeya alimwi mpawo usale. Mulimu ooyu ulakonzya kutola myaaka myiingi. Kuti kakunyina kusala, mulimo ulakonzya kwiima. (Chiindi chakusanguna chakupa mizeezo yabantu boonse tachinajulwa pe.)
Basikuvwuntauzya bayanda kutumina zimwi zipepa ku Food and Drug Administration kuchitila kuti bakonzye kulanga-langa bukwabilizi bwazyakulya zya nseke zyakasandulwa, mpawo Environmental Protection Agency iyoolanga-langa ntenda yamusamu ooyu kweendelana amulawu wa Federal Pesticide, ooyo uuyandika kuzisyango zyoonse zyakasandulwa. zyabuumi. "Eezi nziyumu kwiinda sayensi!" umwi akati kabaswiilizi wakaamba.
"Iyii." Powell wakazumina. "Sayensi ilakkomanisya. Ilatyompya." (Wakandaambila kuti: "Kulanganizigwa ambunga zyotatwe zisiyene nchintu chiinda aawo. Chijaya ncobeni busongo bwakukwabilila busena.")
Kutondezya kuti musamu wabo ulikwabilidwe, kabunga ka Powell kakachita masunko aasiyene. Bakali kulya oxalate oxidase ku pollen ya nzuki. Bakapima kukomena kwa tuzunda tugwasya mumuse. Bakasiya matu mumaanzi mpawo bakavwuntauzya nsungwaazyo yawo ku t. Taakwe ntenda zyakabonwa muli zyoonse ziiyo-mubwini, mubwini, kubeleka kwazyakulya zyakasandulwa zili kabotu kwiinda matu aamisamu imwi iitasandulwidwe. Basayaansi bakatuma nzungu ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory akuma laboratory aambi mu Tennessee kuti bakavwuntauzyigwe, mpo tiibakajana kwiimpana anzungu zyakazwa kuzisamu zitacincwi pe.
Izyazwa ziliboobu zilakonzya kusyomezya basikweendelezya. Tabakonzyi kukkomanisya basikukazya ba GMOs. John Dougherty, musayaansi wakaleka mulimu kuzwa ku Monsanto, wakapa lugwasyo kuli Powell kakunyina kubbadela. Basikukazya aaba wakabaita kuti "basikukazya." Kwaminyaka myiingi, mbunga zikwabilila busena zyakali kuchenjezya kuti kunyamuna ma genes aakati kazilenge zili kule kuyooba azintu zitalangilwi, mbuli kupanga "musokwe mupati" uuyinda zisyango zyacilengwaleza, naa kunjizya ma genes aambi aakonzya kuleta kuchincha kwa DNA yamusyobo ooyu. Alimwi balibilika kuti makkampani abelesya nzila zyakupanga ma gene kuti ajane zyeelelo zyakuzumizya akweendelezya zintu zipona.
Kwalino, Powell wakaamba kuti tanaakatambula mali kuzwa kuli basimakwebo, mpawo wakasinizya kuti lugwasyo lwamali ku laboratory "teelwakali lwaangidwe pe." Nokuba boobo, Brenda Jo McManama, sikubamba mbunga yiitwa kuti "Indigenous Environmental Network", wakatondeezya chizuminano mu 2010 oomo Monsanto mwaakapa Chestnut Foundation antoomwe ababelesinyina baku New York. (Powell wakaamba kuti zipego zyamakkampani, kubikkilizya a Monsanto, zili munsi a 4% yamali oonse aabelesyegwa.) McManama uladooneka kuti Monsanto (yakaulwa a Bayer mu 2018) ulikuyanda kujana lugwalo lwakuzumizya kwiinda mukugwasyilizya eecho chilibonya mbuli kuti nchintu chiyoochitika kunembo. Ipulojekiti yakutaliyanda. "Monsan mubi loko," wakaamba cakutainda mumbali.
Powell wakaamba kuti zyeelelo zyakuzumizya muchizuminano cha 2010 zyakamana, mpawo akuyubununa twaambo twamusamu wakwe mumabbuku aasayaansi, wakasinizya kuti musamu taukonzyi kupegwa zyeelelo zyakuzumizya. Asi wakabona kuti eezi tazikonzyi kumana kulibilika koonse pe. Wakati, "Ndilizi kuti umwi ulakonzya kwaamba kuti uli buyo nkwela ya Monsanto." "Ino inga wachita biyeni? Taakwe nchounga wachita."
Myaka iili musanu yainda, basololi ba American Chestnut Foundation bakajana kuti tiibakali kukonzya kuzuzikizya mbaakani zyabo kwiinda mukusanganya buyo, aboobo bakazumina pulogilamu ya Powell yakubamba ma gene. Kusala ooku kwakapa kuti kube kutamvwana. Mumweezi wa Nsondo 2019, mweendelezi wa Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter of Foundation, Lois Breault-Melican, wakaleka mulimu, nkaambo ka Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), mbunga iilwana ma gene engineering iili mu Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) kukazyania; mulumi wakwe Denis Melican awalo wakazwa mubboodi. Dennis wakandaambila kuti banabukwetene aaba bakali kulibilika kuti nseke zya Powell zilakonzya kuba "Trojan horse", eezyo zyakajalula nzila yakuti misamu imwi yamakwebo iyungizigwe kwiinda mukubelesya nzila yakubamba ma gene.
Susan Offutt, syaazibwene mumakani aabulimi, ubeleka kali mweendelezi wa National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Committee, eeyo yakachita buvwuntauzi aatala abwaanda bwazisamu mu 2018. Wakatondeezya kuti nzila zyamfwulumende zyakweendelezya zibikkila maanu kumakani masyoonto aajatikizya ntenda zyabuumi, alimwi kunyina nozyakalanga-langa makani mapati aabantu, mbuli aayo aabasikukazya GMO. "Ino mpindu nzi yamusyokwe?" wakabuzya, mbuli chitondezyo chapenzi, nzila tiiyakamana pe. "Sena misitu ilijisi bubotu bwayo? Hena tulijisi mukuli wakubikkila maano kuli ceeci notusala zyakunjilila?"
Bunji bwabasayaansi mbondakabandika aabo tabajisi kaambo kapati kakulibilika aatala amisamu ya Powell, nkaambo chisaka chakanyonyooka kapati: kutemwa misamu, kusya mabwe, kuyaka, antoomwe atuzunda tunji alimwi amalwazi aanyonyoona misamu. Akati kabo, kubola kwa chestnut kwakasinizyigwa kuti nchintu chakujalula. "Chiindi choonse tuleta zintu zipya zipona zizwide," wakaamba Gary Lovett, syaazibwene mumakani aazilenge zyamusyokwe ku Cary Ecosystem Institute ku Millbrook, New York. "Lugwasyo lwa chestnuts zyakachinchwa ndusyoonto loko."
Donald Waller, syaazibwene mumakani aazisaka wakaleka kubeleka kuzwa ku Yunivesiti yaku Wisconsin-Madison, wakayinka kunembo. Wakandaambila kuti: "Kulubazu lumwi, ndaamba nzila yakulanga-langa ntenda abulumbu. Kulubazu lumwi, ndilazumanana kuyeeya ntenda." Musamu ooyu wakasandulwa ulakonzya kuleta ntenda kumusokwe. Mukwiimpana, "peeji lili munsi lya bulumbu lizwide ingi." Wakati musamu uukaka kubola uyoozunda chisaka eechi. Bantu bayanda bulangilizi. Bantu bayanda zitondezyo. ”
Powell ulayandisya kukkalwa moyo, asi basikudooneka aatala akusanduka kwama gene balakonzya kumuzungaanya. Wakati: “Tazimvwisyi kulindime.” "Taziyeeme aasayensi pe." Eelyo bainjiniya nobapanga myootokala mibotu naakuti mafooni mabotu, taakwe uutongooka, aboobo uyanda kuziba kuti nchinzi chibi kumisamu iibambidwe kabotu. "Eechi nchibelesyo chikonzya kugwasya," Powell wakaamba. "Nkaambo nzi nchowaamba kuti tatukonzyi kubelesya chibelesyo eechi? Tulakonzya kubelesya sikukulula wa Phillips, pesi kutali sikukulula uuzyibidwe, mpawo mbubwenya?"
Kumatalikilo aamwezi waKkumi 2018, ndakasindikizya Powell kuchibbadela chakumuunzi kumusanza waSyracuse. Wakali kulangila kuti ijunza lyamusyobo wa chestnut waku Amelika liyakukomena. Busena oobu buli afwaafwi kuba bantu, alimwi mbusena bumwi akati kamasena masyoonto oomo misamu moizumizigwa kukomena. Miunda milamfwu ya pine a larch, yakazwa mumulimo wakuvwuntauzya wakalekelezyegwa kwachiindi chilamfu, ilaseluka kuya kujwe, kule amuwo uuzwa, kupa kuti busena oobu bulimvwe mbuli kuti buyoosya.
Sikuvwuntauzya Andrew Newhouse ku laboratory ya Powell uli mukubeleka kale musamu umwi mubotu kuli basayaansi, musamu wa chestnut uuzwa kumusanza wa Virginia. Musamu ooyu ulalampa mamita aali 25 alimwi ulakomena mumuunda wa chestnut uubikkidwe kabotu-kabotu uuzingulukidwe abwaanda bwa nziba bulampa mamita aali 10. Chikwama chachikolo chakaangidwe kumamanino aamitabi imwi yamusamu. Newhouse wakapandulula kuti bbeeke lyapulasitiki lyamukati lyakajalilidwe mu Darling 58 pollen eeyo basayaansi njobakalomba mu mwezi wa 6, mpawo bbeeke lyaanze lyabutale lyakakwabilila nziba kuti zitakomeni. Bubambe boonse buli aansi aakulangwa-langwa aDipatimenti yaBulimi yaku Amelika; kakutanaba kugwisigwa kwamilawu, mapopwe naakuti nseke zizwa kuzisamu zijisi ma genes aayungizyidwe mubwaanda naakuti mu laboratory yasikuvwuntauzya zyeelede kwaandaanizyigwa.
Newhouse wakabelesya zigelo zyakutebula zyakali kukonzya kujokoloka kumitabi. Kukwela a ntambo, bbwe lyakatyoka mpawo chikwama chakawida. Newhouse wakafwambaana kuya kumutabi uutobela wakajisi zibbeeke mpawo wakainduluka nzila eeyo. Powell wakabweza zibbeeke zyakawa mpawo wazibikka muchikkwama chipati chapulasitiki, mbubonya mbuli kujata zintu zikonzya kuleta ntenda.
Nibakapiluka ku laboratory, Newhouse a Hannah Pilkey bakagwisya zyoonse muchikkwama mpawo bakafwambaana kugwisya nzungu zya brown kuzwa kuma burrs aasalala pyu. Balabikkila maanu kuti maamvwa atanjili muchikumba, eecho nchintu chikonzya kuleta ntenda mumulimo wakuvwuntauzya misamu ya chestnut. Muchiindi, bakali kuyandisya nzungu zyoonse ziyandisi zyakasandulwa. Aachiindi eechi, bakajana zyiingi: kwiinda 1,000. "Toonse tulikuchita zisobano ziche zikkomanisya," Pirkey wakaamba.
Nikwakainda masiku, Powell wakatola ma chestnuts kuofesi ya Neil Patterson mubusena bwakunjilila. Lyakali buzuba bwabantu bazwa kuzisi zimbi (Buzuba bwa Columbus), mpawo Patterson, Mugwasyilizyi wa Mupati wa ESF's Center for Indigenous Peoples and the Environment, wakapiluka kuzwa kuchisela chachikolo, ooko nkwaakasololela chitondeezyo chakulya chabantu bachisi. Bana bakwe bobile amwana wamucizyi bakwe basobana aakkompyuta muofesi. Muntu woonse wakakosola mpawo wakalya nzungu. "Zichili zisofweede mbichani," Powell wakaamba kachisa.
Chipego cha Powell chili amakanze miingi. Ulikwaya mbuto, kayeeya kubelesya nzila ya Patterson kuti abyale nseke zya chestnut mumasena mapya, ooko nkozikonzya kutambula mbuto zyakasandulwa muminyaka miche buyo. Mpawo wakatola lubazu mubweendelezi bwa chestnut.
Patterson naakabelekwa a ESF mu 2014, wakaziba kuti Powell wakali kusola misamu yakasandulwa, eeyo yakali buyo makkilomita masyoonto kuzwa ku Onondaga Nation Resident Territory. Eechi chamamanino chili musyokwe mamaile masyoonto kumusanza kwa Syracuse. Patterson wakabona kuti ikuti mulimo wazwidilila, ma genes aakwabilila malwazi ayoonjila munyika akuzabuka ama chestnut aasyeede ooko, aboobo akucinca chisaka eecho chiyandikana loko kubuntu bwa Onodaga. Mpawo wakamvwa aatala akulibilika ikukulwaizya basikukazya, kubikkilizya abamwi bazwa mumasena aazwa kuzisi zimbi, kuti bakazye zintu zipona zyakasandulwa kubusena bumbi. Mbuli chitondeezyo, mu 2015, musyobo wa Yurok wakakasya kubamba GMO ku Northern California nkaambo kakuyoowa kuti inga kwasofwaazyigwa kwazilyo zyabo antoomwe akuzuba nswi zya salmon.
"Ndabona kuti eezi zyakachitika kulindiswe okuno; tweelede kuba amubandi," Patterson wakandaambila. Kumuswaangano wa 2015 Environmental Protection Agency wakachitilwa a ESF, Powell wakapa makani aakayiisigwa kabotu kubantu bazwa ku New York. Nikwakamana kwaambuula, Patterson wakayeeya kuti basololi bali mbobabede bakaamba kuti: “Tweelede kulima misamu!” Busungu bwabo bwakamugambya Patterson. Wakati: “Tiindakali kuyeeyela pe.”
Nokuba boobo, mibandi yakatobela yakatondezya kuti mbasyoonto akati kabo bayeeya mulimo musamu wa chestnut ngwaakachita muzilengwa zyawo. Buvwuntauzi bwa Patterson bwakatobela bwakamwaambila kuti aawo manyongwe aabantu akunyonyoonwa kwazyintu zyakali kuchitika muchiindi chomwe, mfwulumende yaku Amelika yakali kubikka bubambe bwakusinikizya bantu kuti batalike kulwana akutola lubazu, mpawo bulwazi bwakasika. Mbuli zintu zimwi zyiingi, zilengwa zya chestnut zyamuchilawu eechi zyakamana. Patterson wakajana kuti mizeezo aatala akusanduka kwama gene iliindene loko. Sikupanga nkoli zya lacrosse waku Onoda Alfie Jacques uliyandide kupanga nkoli kuzwa kuchisamu cha chestnut mpawo ulagwasyilizya mulimo ooyu. Bamwi bayeeya kuti ntenda mpati loko aboobo balakazya misamu.
Patterson ulamvwisisisya twaambo ootu tobilo. Caino-ino wakandaambila kuti: “Cili mbuli fooni amwanaangu.” Wakatondeezya kuti mwanaakwe ulajokela kunganda kuzwa kuchikolo akaambo kachilwazi cha coronavirus. "Limwi zuba ndakachita zyoonse; kuti ndibazumanane kubandika, balikwiiya. Buzuba butobela, atuzigwisye zintu eezyo." Asi myaaka yakubandika aPowell yakamana kudooneka kwakwe. Kakutanainda chiindi chifwiifwi, wakaiya kuti mweelwe waakati-kati wabana bamisamu iili 58 ya Darling tabakonzyi kuba amajini aakatalisyigwa, eezi zyaamba kuti misamu yamusyokwe yakusaanguna iyoozumanana kukomena musyokwe. Patterson wakati eezi zyakagwisya penzi pati.
Mukuswaya kwesu mu mwezi wa Nalupale, wakandaambila kuti kaambo nkaakaalilwa kugwasyilizya mulimo wa GM nkakuti tanaakazyi naa Powell wakali kubikkila maano kubantu bakali kuswaangana amusamu naa musamu. "Nsezi kuti nchinzi chili aawo," Patterson wakaamba, kumwi kamuuma achifuwa. Wakati lilikke buyo kuti cilongwe akati kamuntu a chestnut cakonzya kujokolosyegwa, ncecintu ciyandika kujokolosya musamu ooyu.
Kusikila kumamanino, wakati uyanda kubelesya nzungu nzyaakamupa Powell kuchita pudding amafuta. Uyooleta zyakulya eezyi kubusena bwa Onondaga mpawo utamba bantu kuti bakajane lubo zyakulya zyakaindi. Wakati: “Ndasyoma kuti mbombubo, cili mbuli kwaanzya mweenzinyoko wakaindi.Weelede buyo kunjila mubbaasi kuzwa nkowakaima kaindi.”
Powell wakatambula chipego cha $3.2 miliyoni kuzwa ku Templeton World Charity Foundation mu mwezi wa Bbila, eecho chiyoopa kuti Powell aunke kunembo mbuli mbwayaabulanganya mbunga zyeendelezya akuyungizya buvwuntauzi bwakwe kuzwa kuzyalani kusikila kubwini bwakubambulula busena boonse. Kuti mfwulumende yamupa zilongezyo, Powell abasayaansi kuzwa ku American Chestnut Foundation bayootalika kuzumizya kuti zikomene. Mapopwe ama genes aayo aambi ayoofwuswa naa kufwuswa muziyobwedo zyamisamu imwi, mpawo mamanino aama chestnuts akasandulwa ma genes ayoochitika kakunyina kulanga busena bwakusunka. Kuyeeyela kuti zyina lilakonzya kubamba zyoonse zyobile mumuunda amu laboratory, eezi tazizibinkene pe, mpo zilakonzya kumwaika musyokwe-eechi nchintu ncobalombozya basayaansi pesi basikukazya nchobayoowa.
Nikwakamana musamu wa chestnut, sena ulakonzya kuula umwi? Iyi, Newhouse wakaamba, oobo mbobwakali muzeezo. Basikuvwuntauzya balabuzyigwa mvwiki amvwiki kuti misamu ilajanika lili.
Munyika oomo Powell, Newhouse ababelesinyina mobakkala, nchuubauba kulimvwa kuti nyika yoonse ili mukulindila musamu wabo. Nokuba boobo, kweenzya musinzo musyoonto kuya kunyika kuzwa kupulazi lyakuvwuntauzya kwiinda munsi-munsi aadolopo lya Syracuse nkutuyeezya kusanduka kupati kwakachitika mubusena amubukkale kuzwa nikwakamana ma chestnuts aaku Amelika. Chestnut Heights Drive ili mudolopo lisyoonto kunyika kwa Syracuse. Mugwagwa wakukkala buyo uujisi nzila zipati, bwizu bubotu, alimwi zimwi ziindi misamu misyoonto yakulisakatizya iijisi lubuwa lwakumbele. . Inkampani yazisamu taiyandi kuti ma chestnuts abusyigwe. Buvubi bwabulimi bwakulikwabilila buyeeme ama chestnut bwakamana. Aafwaafwi taakwe uugwisya nzungu zitete alimwi zibotu kuzwa kuzilonda ziyumu loko. Bantu biingi balakonzya kabatazyi kuti taakwe chintu chibulide muchisaka.
Ndakaima mpawo ndakalya chakulya chamansiku kumbali aa Lake Onondaga munsi lya musamu mupati uutegwa ash. Musamu wakazwide tuzunda tusiya-siya tusalala pyu. Ndilakonzya kubona mabwe aakapangwa atuzunda muchikumba. Ilatalika kusweekelwa matu mpawo ilakonzya kufwa akuwida ansi nokwakainda myaaka miche. Kuboola buyo okuno kuzwa kunganda yangu ku Maryland, ndakayinka kwiinda zyuulu zyazisamu zyamulota zifwide, amitabi ya pitchfork iitakwe chintu yakatanta kumbali aamugwagwa.
Ku Appalachia, inkamu yakakosola misamu kuzwa kubusena bupati bwa Bitlahua kuti ijane malasha munsi. Moyo wanyika yamalasha ulaswaangana amoyo wanyika yakaindi ya chestnut. Kabunga ka American Chestnut Foundation kakabeleka ambunga zyakali kulima misamu mumigodi yamalasha yakalekelezyegwa, mpawo misamu ya chestnut lino ilakomena muzyuulu zyama ekala aanyika yakajatikizyigwa antenda. Eeyi misamu ncibeela buyo cazisamu zisanganizidwe zitakonzyi kuciswa bulwazi bwabacteria, pele ilakonzya kuba cintu comwe azyalani lipya lyamisamu eelyo bumwi buzuba likonzya kuzundana azisamu zyakaindi zyamusyokwe.
Mumwezi wa May wayinda, bunji bwa carbon dioxide mumulengalenga bwakasika ku 414.8 zibeela muli miliyoni mchiindi chakusanguna. Mbuli misamu imwi, kulema kutali kwamaanzi kwa chestnuts yaku Amelika kuli akati-kati ka carbon. Nzisyoonto zintu nzyokonzya kulima anyika zikonzya kuyoya kaboni kuzwa mumuwo chakufwambaana kwiinda musamu wa chestnut uukomena. Kakuli kaambo aaka mumizeezo, chibalo chakamwaigwa mu Wall Street Journal mwaka wamana chakakankaizya kuti, "Atube aapulazi limbi lyama chestnut."