Twalumba kuswaya Nature.com. Ulikubelesya nzila ya browser iijisi lugwasyo lusyoonto lwa CSS. Kuti ube aluzibo lubotu, tulalumbaizya kuti ubelesye bbawuzila mpya (naa kulesya nzila yakubelesya muInternet Explorer). Mukuyungizya, kuchitila kuti lugwasyo luzumanane, tulatondezya busena butakwe zitabililo a JavaScript.
Zitondeezyo zitondezya zibalo zyotatwe muslayidi yomwe. Belesya mabbatani aakusule aatobela kuti weende muma slayidi, naakuti mabbatani aakweendelezya ma slide kumamanino kuti weende muma slide amwi amwi.
Kusofwaazya kwa Cadmium (Cd) kuletela ntenda kukulima musamu wa Panax notoginseng mu Yunnan Province. Muchiimo chakukatazyigwa kwa Cd, kusunka kwakachitwa kuti kumvwisisisye mulimo wakubelesya lime (0.750, 2250 a 3750 kg bm-2) akusansaila oxalic acid (0, 0.1 a 0.2 mol l-1) mukuvwula kwa Cd. akubeleka kwa antioxidant Zibeela zyamubili azyabusilisi zijatikizya Panax notoginseng. Izyazwa zyakatondezya kuti quicklime amafolier kusansaila a oxalic acid kulakonzya kuyungizya Ca2+ mu Panax notoginseng muchiindi cha Cd mpawo akucesya Cd2+ toxicity. Kuyungizya lime a oxalic acid kwakayungizya kubeleka kwama enzymes aakwabilila mubili mpawo kwakachincha nzila zya osmoregulators. Mulimo wa CAT wakatanta kapati, wakatanta ziindi zili 2.77. Ikubeleka kupati kwa SOD kwakatanta ziindi zili 1.78 aawo noyakasilikwa a oxalic acid. Mulimo wa MDA wakaselemuka a 58.38%. Kuli kujatana kupati aashuga uukonzya kunywika, amino acid iitabbadelelwi, proline, antoomwe ama protein aakonzya kunywika. Lime a oxalic acid zilakonzya kuyungizya calcium ions (Ca2+), kucesya Cd, kugwasya kuliyumya mumapenzi mu Panax notoginseng, akuyungizya kupanga ma saponins antoomwe a flavonoid. Bunji bwa Cd bwakali buniini, 68.57% buniini kwiinda bwakweendelezya, oobo bwakali kweendelana amweelwe uuzumizyidwe (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Mweelwe wa SPN wakali 7.73%, ooyo wakasika achiimo chisumpukide loko chabusilisi buli boonse, mpawo bunji bwa flavonoids bwakatanta kapati a 21.74%, kusika kumuulo uuzumizyidwe wamusamu akuzyala kubotu.
Cadmium (Cd), mbuli chintu chidumide kusofwaazya mubulongo bulimidwe, chilafwambaana kweenda mpawo chilaa ntenda mpati kuzintu zipona1. El Shafei abamwi. 2 bakaamba kuti bulwazi bwa Cd bulajatikizya bubotu akuzyala kwazisyango zibelesegwa. Muminyaka misyoonto yainda, ntenda yakuvwula kwa cadmium mumuse wanyika iilimwa kumusanza lwaajwe lya China yakaba ntenda loko. Cisi ca Yunnan mbusena bwa China bwa Biodiversity, akati kabo misyobo yazisyango zyabusilisi zili mubusena bwakusaanguna muchisi. Nokuba boobo, buvubi buvwubide bwa Yunnan Province bupa kuti bulongo busofweede abutale bupati muchiindi chakusya, eezi zipa kuti kutabi kupanga misamu yakusilisya.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 musamu uuyandikana loko uuzwa kumusyobo wa Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Muyanda wa Panax notoginseng ulasumpula kweenda kwegazi, ulagwisya kutazungaana kwagazi akugwisya kuchisa. Busena bupati bwakupanga mbubwa Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Kusofwaala kwa Cd kwakaliko a 75% yabulongo mubusena bwakubyala Panax notoginseng mpawo kwakayinda 81-100% mumasena aasiyene-siyene6. Bubi bwa Cd alimwi bulacesya kapati kupanga misamu ya Panax notoginseng, ikapati ma saponins ama flavonoids. Ma saponins nimusyobo wama aglycones, aakati kaayo ma aglycones nga triterpenoids naa spirosteranes, alo ngamasena mapati aabelesyegwa mumisamu minjaanji yaku China alimwi ajisi ma saponins. Amwi ma saponin ajisi milimu iigwasya mbuli kulwana mabakiteriya, kumana kupya mubili, kukkazyika moyo antoomwe akulesya kkansa7. Ma flavonoids kanjikanji aamba zibeela zyobile zya benzene zili ama phenolic hydroxyl groups zijatikizyidwe kwiinda muma atomu otatwe aa kaboni, mpawo ntalisyo mpati ngu 2-phenylchromanone 8. Nchintu chiyumu chikwabilila mubili, chikonzya kugwisya oxygen free radicals muzisyango, kulesya kuzwa kwama enzyme, kuchisa, kuchisa alimwi akugwisya mafuta mumubili. Nchimwi chazintu zipati zibeleka mu Panax Ginseng. Kumanizya penzi lyakusofwaazyigwa kwabulongo a cadmium mumasena mobapanga Panax notoginseng nchintu cheelede kuchitwa kuti kuchitwe misamu iikola.
Lime ninzila imwi iibelesyegwa kubamba bulongo bwa cadmium. Zilajatikizya kunjilila akubikkwa kwa Cd mumuse akucesya mulimo wa Cd mumuse kwiinda mukuyungizya pH akucinca nguzu zyakucinca cation (CEC), kuzula kwamunyo (BS), nguzu zya redox (Eh)3,11. . Mukuyungizya, lime ilapa mweelwe mupati wa Ca2+, ooyo uupanga kulwana kwa ionic a Cd2+, uuzundana amasena aakunjilila miyanda, uulesya Cd kuti injile kumusamu, mpawo ulaa ntenda nsyoonto. Akuyungizya kwa 50 mmol l-1 Ca munsi lyakukatazyigwa kwa Cd, kweenda kwa Cd mumafwaafwi aa sesame kwakalesyegwa mpawo kuyoboloka kwa Cd kwakaceya a 80%. ziiyo zyiingi zijatikizyidwe zyakaambwa aatala amupunga (Oryza sativa L.) azimwi zilyo12,13.
Kusansaila matu aazilyo kuchitila kuti kutabi kuyoboloka kwazintu zilema ninzila mpya yakumana zintu zilema muminyaka misyoonto yainda. Njiisyo eeyi ilaswaangene kapati a chelation reaction mumaseelo aazisyango, eeyo iipa kuti zintu zilemu zibikkwe abwaanda bwamaseelo mpawo zilesye kutambula zintu zilema kuzisyango14,15. Mbuli dicarboxylic acid chelating agent, oxalic acid ilakonzya ku chelate ions zya heavy metal muzisyango, aboobo kuchesya toxicity. Ziiyo zyakatondezya kuti oxalic acid mu soybeans ilakonzya kubamba Cd2+ akugwisya ma crystals aajisi Cd kwiinda mumaseelo aa trichome apical, akucesya Cd2+ mumubili16. Oxalic acid ilakonzya kweendelezya pH yabulongo, kuyungizya superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), antoomwe a catalase (CAT) milimu, mpawo ilakonzya kweendelezya kunjila kwa nswiga iikonzya kunywika, ma protein aakonzya kunywika, ma amino acid aatabbadelelwi, antoomwe a proline. Zibelesyo zyakucinca mubili 17,18. Zintu zijisi acidi antoomwe a Ca2+ wiinda muzisyango zya oxalate zipanga calcium oxalate precipitates aansi aakubeleka kwamapulotini aajisi tuzunda. Kweendelezya bunji bwa Ca2+ muzisyango kulakonzya kweendelezya kabotu oxalic acid a Ca2+ muzisyango akutantamuka kuvwula kwa oxalic acid a Ca2+19,20.
Mweelwe wa lime wakabikkwa nchintu chimwi chipati chijatikizya mulimo wakubukulusya. Kwakazyibwa kuti kubelesyegwa kwa lime kulazwa ku 750 kusika ku 6000 kg·h·m−2. Kubulongo bujisi acidi bujisi pH 5.0-5.5, mpindu yakubelesya lime amweelwe wa 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 yakali mpati kwiinda amweelwe wa 750 kg·h·m-221. Nokuba boobo, kubelesya lime loko kulakonzya kuleta ntenda kubulongo, mbuli kuchincha kupati kwa pH yabulongo akuyuma kwabulongo22. Aboobo, twakabikka zyeelelo zya CaO kuti 0, 750, 2250 antoomwe a 3750 kg·h·m−2. Eelyo oxalic acid niyakabikkwa ku Arabidopsis, Ca2+ yakajanika kuti yakacheya loko a 10 mM L-1, mpawo mukwasyi wa CRT gene uusungwaazya Ca2+ signaling wakavwiila loko20. Kuyobolola ziiyo zimwi zyakachitika musule kwakapa kuti tuzyibe bunji bwazintu eezyi mpawo tuzumanane kwiiya kujatana kwazintu zizwa anze a Ca2+ a Cd2+23,24,25. Aboobo, chiiyo eechi chili amakanze aakuvwuntauzya nzila zyakweendelezya zyintu zikonzya kuchitika akaambo kakubelesya musamu wa lime akusansaila oxalic acid kumafwaafwi aa Cd alimwi akuliyumya kwa Panax notoginseng mubulongo bujisi Cd, alimwi akuvwuntauzya nzila zibotu zyakubelesya misamu. chisyomezyo. Kozwa mu Panax notoginseng. Ilapa makani aayandika kapati aakusololela kuyaambele kwakulima zisyango mubulongo bujisi cadmium akupa zintu zibotu, zitamani kutegwa kuzuzikizye ziyandikana zyamisamu.
Kubelesya musyobo wa Wenshan notoginseng mbuli chintu, kusunka kwakachitwa mu Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, altitude 1446m), Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Mweelwe waakati-kati wakupya kwamwaka ngu 17°C mpawo mweelwe waakati-kati wamvwula amwaka ngu 1250 mm. Impindu zyakumbele zyabulongo bwakavwuntauzyigwa: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg -1, effective P 1855. mg kg-1, K iiliwo 100.37 mg kg-1, Cd yoonse 0.3 mg kg-1 antoomwe a pH 5.4.
Mumwezi waNalupale 10, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) antoomwe a lime (0.750, 2250 a 3750 kg h m-2) zyakabikkwa mpawo zyakasanganyigwa abulongo bwaatala 0–10 cm mubusena bumwi abumwi, 2017. Kusilikwa kuli koonse kwakaindulukwa ziindi zyotatwe. Maanda aakusunka akali kujanika biyo, busena bwabusena bumwi abumwi bwakali 3 m2. Nseke zya Panax notoginseng zyamwaka omwe zyakasyangwa nikwakainda mazuba ali kkumi amusanu kazilimwa mumuse. Notubelesya tunsabwe twakukwabilila, nguzu zyamumuni wa Panax notoginseng mumulyango wakuvwumbilila zili afwaafwi kusika ku 18% yamumuni uuzumizyidwe. Komezya kweendelana anzila zyakukomezya zyachiindi. Kusikila achiindi chakukomena kwa Panax notoginseng mu 2019, oxalic acid iyoosansailwa mbuli sodium oxalate. Bunji bwa oxalic acid bwakali 0, 0.1 a 0.2 mol l-1, kweendelana, mpawo pH yakacincwa kusika ku 5.16 a NaOH kuti yeendelane a pH yakati-kati ya debris filtrate. Sansaila atala aansi aamafwaafwi chiindi chomwe amviki a 8 koloko mafwumofwumo. Musule akusansaila ziindi zyone, misamu ya Panax notoginseng yamyaka yotatwe yaka tebulwa mumviki ya 5.
Mumwezi wa Nalupale 2019, misamu ya Panax notoginseng yakajisi myaka yotatwe yakabikkwa oxalic acid yakabungikwa mumuunda. Zimwi zitondezyo zyamisamu ya Panax notoginseng yamyaka yotatwe yakuzyalwa kuti isunkwe kuti ibeleke kabotu mumubili akubeleka kwa enzyme zyakabikkwa mumabbodela aafiriji, zyakafwambaana kuyobolwa mu nitrogen, mpawo zyakabikkwa mufiriji a -80°C. Bbazu lyakukomena lyeelede kuzyibwa mumisamu yamiyanda ya Cd antoomwe azintu zili mukati kachintu chibeleka. Mwamana kusamba amaanzi aamupompi, yumya a 105°C kwamaminiti aali 30, jatisya bunji bwazintu a 75°C mpawo uzigaye zitondezyo mumusamu. bamba.
Pima 0.2 g yamisamu yazisyango ziyumu mubbokesi lya Erlenmeyer, ubike 8 ml HNO3 antoomwe a 2 ml HClO4 mpawo ujale masiku woonse. Buzuba butobela, ntambo iijisi nsingo iigonkede yakabikkwa muchikombe chamakona otatwe kuti ibole kusikila busi butuba bwaboneka mpawo musamu wakubola wasalala. Nikwakamana kutontola kusikila kutempelecha yamukati, musanganisyo wakabikwa mubbokesi lya 10 ml. Bunji bwa Cd bwakajanwa a atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICETM 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Pima 0.2 g yamisamu yazisyango ziyumu mubbodela lyapulasitiki lya 50 ml, ubike 10 ml ya 1 mol l-1 HCL, jala akuzungaanya kwamahola ali kkumi amusanu mpawo kosefa. Kubelesya pipette, bweza mweelwe weelede wa filtrate kuti ube aabulongo bweelede mpawo ubike musamu wa SrCl2 kuchitila kuti Sr2+ ibe a 1 g L–1. Bunji bwa Ca bwakajanwa kubelesya atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICETM 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), antoomwe a catalase (CAT) nzila yakubelesya (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., namba yakulembesya zintu), kobelesya No. ya Jingyaodianji (quasi) No. 2014 No.
Pima 0.05 g ya musamu wa Panax notoginseng mpawo ubike anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent kumbali lya tube. Zungaanya tuyubu kwamasekondi aali 2-3 kuchitila kuti maanzi aswaangane obotu. Bika ntumbo aachibikilo chachuuno chakusunka kwamaminiti ali kkumi amusanu. Bunji bwa nswiga iikonzya kunywika bwakajanwa kubelesya nzila ya UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a wavelength ya 620 nm.
Pima 0.5 g ya musamu mupya wa Panax notoginseng, ugaye kuti ube a 5 ml yamaanzi aasofweede mpawo uchigwisye a 10,000 g kwamaminiti aali kkumi. Sanzya maanzi aali atalaa nyika kusikila amweelwe uubikkidwe. Nzila ya Coomassie Brilliant Blue yakabelesegwa. Bunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika bwakajanwa kwiinda mukubelesya nzila ya spectrophotometry mu ultraviolet amumasena aalibonya (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a wavelength ya 595 nm mpawo yakabalilwa kuzwa ku standard curve ya bovine serum albumin.
Pima 0.5 g musamu mupya, bika 5 ml 10% acetic acid kuti ugaye akukozyanisya, sefa mpawo uchite kuti ube abupati butacinci. Nzila ya chromogenic kubelesya musamu wa ninhydrin. Bunji bwa amino acids bwakajanwa a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a wavelength ya 570 nm mpawo bwakabalilwa kuzwa ku standard leucine curve.
Pima 0.5 g ya musamu mupya, bika 5 ml ya 3% ya musamu wa sulfosalicylic acid, ubike mumaanzi akuzungaanya kwamaminiti aali kkumi. Nikwakamana kutontola, musamu wakasefwa mpawo wakasanzigwa kusika ku mweelwe uutacinci. Nzila ya acid ninhydrin chromogenic yakabelesegwa. Bunji bwa proline bwakajanwa a UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a wavelength ya 520 nm mpawo bwakabalilwa kuzwa ku proline standard curve.
Bunji bwa saponins bwakajanwa a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) kweendelana a Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (edition 2015). Njiisyo mpati ya HPLC njakubelesya maanzi aajisi nguzu kapati mbuli cibeela cinyamuka alimwi akubelesya nzila iibeleka kabotu kapati yakuandaanya zibeela zitazungaani zyazibeela zibotu kapati. Busongo bwakubelesya buli boobu:
Ziimo zya HPLC akusunkwa kweelela kwanzila (Table 1): Kusanzya kwa gradient kwakachitwa kweendelana a tebulu litobela, kubelesya silica gel yakaangidwe a octadecylsilane mbuli chizuzya, acetonitrile mbuli mobile phase A, maanzi mbuli mobile phase B, mpawo wavelength yakuzyiba yakali 203 nm. Mweelwe wankomeki zyaambwa kuzwa ku R1 peak ya Panax notoginseng saponins weelede kusika ku 4000.
Kubamba musamu: Pima kabotu-kabotu ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 antoomwe a notoginsenosides R1, ubike methanol kuti ujane musamu uusanganizidwe wa 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 antoomwe a 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 ml.
Kubamba musamu wakusunka: Pima 0.6 g ya Sanxin powder mpawo ubike 50 ml ya methanol. Musanganisyo wakapimwa (W1) mpawo wakasiigwa masiku woonse. Musamu uusanganizidwe mpawo wakabikwa mbichaani mumaanzi aa 80° C. kwamahola obile. Musule akutontola, pimya musamu uusanganizidwe mpawo ubike methanol ku W1 yakusaanguna. Mpawo zungaanya kabotu mpawo usefa. Ikusefa kwakasiigwa kuti kuzyibwe.
Mulimo wa saponin wakanjila kabotu a 10 μl ya musamu uuzumizyidwe a 10 μl ya filtrate mpawo wakabikkwa mu HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Mulongo uuzumizyidwe: kuzyiba Rg1, Rb1, R1 musamu uusanganizidwe uuzumizyidwe, bukkale bwa chromatography buli mbubonya mbuli buli atala aawa. Bala mweelwe uuzumizyidwe abusena bwaatala bwa y-axis antoomwe akuvwula kwa saponin mumusamu uuzumizyidwe a abscissa. Kobikka busena bwakapimwa bwachikozyano mumulongo uuzumizyidwe kuchitila kuti ubale bunji bwa saponin.
Pima musamu wa 0.1 g wa P. notogensings mpawo ubike 50 ml ya 70% CH3OH solution. Kozyanisya mahola obile, mpawo ubike a 4000 rpm kwamaminiti aali kkumi. Kobweza 1 ml yamaanzi aazwa mujulu mpawo ukasanzye ziindi zili kkumi azibili. Bunji bwa flavonoids bwakajanwa a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) a wavelength ya 249 nm. Quercetin nchintu chijanika loko8.
Data yakabamba kubelesya pulogilamu ya Excel 2010. Kuvwuntauzya kwakusiyana kwa data kwakali kulinguwe kubelesya SPSS Statistics 20 software. Cifwanikiso chakalembwa a Pro 9.1. Myeelwe yakabalilwa ibikkilizya mweelwe waakati-kati ± kusiyana kwachiimo. Twaambo twakubala tuyandika tuyeeme a P<0.05.
Muchiimo chakusansaila mafwaafwi aa oxalic acid, mweelwe wa Ca mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng wakatanta loko akuyungizya kubelesya lime (Table 2). Kweezyanisya akutabelesya lime, Ca yakatanta a 212% a 3750 kg ppm lime kakunyina oxalic acid spray. Aawo mweelwe nguwenya wakubelesya layimu, bunji bwa calcium bwakatanta mbichani aawo oxalic acid niyakayungizyigwa.
Bunji bwa Cd mumiyanda bwakali kuzwa ku 0.22 kusika ku 0.70 mg/kg. Aawo mweelwe nguwenya wakusansaila oxalic acid, bunji bwa 2250 kg hm-2 Cd bwakaselemuka loko aawo mweelwe wa lime nowakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa. Kweezyanisya akweendelezya, aawo nokwakasansa miyanda a 2250 kg gm-2 lime a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, Cd yakaselemuka a 68.57%. Nibakabikkwa kakunyina lime a 750 kg hm-2 lime, mweelwe wa Cd mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng wakaselemuka loko aawo oxalic acid niyakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa. Aawo nikwakabikkwa 2250 kg ya lime gm-2 antoomwe a 3750 kg ya lime gm-2, mweelwe wa Cd mumuyanda wakasaanguna kuseluka mpawo wakatanta aawo mweelwe wa oxalic acid nowakayungizya. Mukuyungizya, buvwuntauzi bwa 2D bwakatondezya kuti Ca iili mumuyanda wa Panax notoginseng yakajatikizyigwa kapati a lime (F = 82.84**), Cd iili mumuyanda wa Panax notoginseng yakajatikizyigwa kapati a lime (F = 74.99**) alimwi a oxalic acid. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Kakuli kuyungizigwa kwakubelesya lime akuvwula kwakusansaila a oxalic acid, bunji bwa MDA bwakaceya kapati. Kunyina kwiimpana kupati kwakajanika mu MDA akati kamiyanda ya Panax notoginseng yakabikkwa lime a 3750 kg g/m2 lime. Aawo 750 kg hm-2 antoomwe a 2250 kg hm-2 lime, MDA iili mu 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid niyakasansailwa yakali 58.38% antoomwe a 40.21% munsi a oxalic acid iitakasansailidwe, kweendelana. Bunji bwa MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) bwakali buniini aawo 750 kg ya hm-2 lime a 0.2 mol l-1 ya oxalic acid niyakayungizyigwa (Fig. 1).
Ikugwasya kwakusansaila matu a oxalic acid ku malondialdehyde iili mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng muchiindi cha cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Mbombubo munsi.
Kusiya buyo kubelesya 3750 kg h m-2 ya lime, taakwe kwiimpana kupati kwakabonwa mumulimo wa SOD wamiyanda ya Panax notoginseng. Notubelesya lime 0, 750 antoomwe a 2250 kg hm-2, mulimo wa SOD aawo notusansaila 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wakali mupati kwiinda kakunyina kubelesya oxalic acid, walo wakatanta a 177.89%, 61.62% antoomwe a 45.08% kweendelana. SOD activity (598.18 units g-1) mumiyanda yakali mpati loko aawo niyakasigwa kakunyina lime mpawo yakasansailwa a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Aawo mweelwe nguwenya kakunyina oxalic acid naakuti wakasansailwa a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, mulimo wa SOD wakatanta akuyungizya mweelwe wa lime. Ikubeleka kwa SOD kwakaceya loko nikwakamana kusansaila a 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid (Fig. 2).
Ikugwasya kwakusansaila matu a oxalic acid mumulimo wa superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, antoomwe a catalase mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng muchiindi cha cadmium [J].
Kweelana akubeleka kwa SOD mumiyanda, kubeleka kwa POD mumiyanda (63.33 μmol g-1) kwakali kupati aawo nokwakasansailwa kakunyina lime a 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, eeyo yakali 148.35% kwiinda ya control ( 25.50 μmol g-1). . Ikubeleka kwa POD kwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo kwakaceya aawo kwakayungizyigwa kusansaila kwa oxalic acid antoomwe a 3750 kg hm −2 lime treatment. Kweezyanisya akusilikwa a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, mulimo wa POD wakaselemuka a 36.31% aawo nowakasilikwa a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Fig. 2).
Kunze lyakusansaila 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid akusanzya 2250 kg hm-2 naa 3750 kg hm-2 lime, mulimo wa CAT wakali mupati kwiinda wakweendelezya. Mulimo wa CAT wakusilikwa a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid akusilikwa a lime 0.2250 kg h m-2 naa 3750 kg h m-2 wakatanta a 276.08%, 276.69% a 33 .05% kweelanisigwa akubula oxalic acid. Mulimo wa CAT wamiyanda (803.52 μmol g-1) yakabikkwa a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wakali mupati kwiinda yoonse. Mulimo wa CAT (172.88 μmol g-1) wakali munsi kapati mukusilikwa kwa 3750 kg hm-2 lime a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Fig. 2).
Kuvwuntauzya kwazibeela zyobile kwakatondezya kuti mulimo wa Panax notoginseng CAT a MDA zyakali kweendelana kapati amweelwe wa oxalic acid naa lime spraying alimwi anzila zyoonse zyobile zyakusilikwa (Table 3). Ikubeleka kwa SOD mumiyanda kwakaliswaangene kapati akusilikwa kwa lime a oxalic acid naakuti kusansaila kwa oxalic acid. Mulimo wa POD wamiyanda wakaswaangene kapati amweelwe wa lime wakabikkwa naakuti akubelesya lime a oxalic acid achiindi chomwe.
Bunji bwa nswiga iikonzya kunywika muzisyango zyamiyanda bwakaceya aawo mweelwe wakubelesya lime nowakayungizyigwa akusansaila a oxalic acid. Kwakanyina kwiimpana kupati mubunji bwashuga iikonzya kunywika mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng kakunyina kubelesya lime akubelesya 750 kg·h·m−2 ya lime. Notwakali kubelesya 2250 kg hm-2 lime, bunji bwashuga uukonzya kunywika aawo nowakabikkwa a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wakali mupati kwiinda aawo nowakasansailwa non-oxalic acid, walo wakatanta a 22.81%. Notwakali kubelesya lime mumweelwe wa 3750 kg·h·m-2, bunji bwashuga uukonzya kunywika bwakaselemuka loko aawo nokwakali kuyungizigwa kusansaila a oxalic acid. Bunji bwashuga uukonzya kunywika mumusamu wa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wakali munsi a 38.77% kwiinda mumusamu uutakwe oxalic acid. Mukuyungizya, kusansaila a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakajisi nswiga nsyoonto kapati ya 205.80 mg g-1 (Fig. 3).
Ikugwasya kwakusansaila mafwaafwi a oxalic acid aatala a shuga uukonzya kunywika antoomwe amapuloteni aakonzya kunywika mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng muchiindi cha cadmium stress [J].
Bunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika mumiyanda bwakaceya aawo mweelwe wa lime a oxalic acid nowakayungizyigwa. Kakwiina lime, bunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika mukusansaila a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid bwakali munsi kapati kwiinda bwakweendelezya, a 16.20%. Notwakali kubelesya lime 750 kg hm-2, taakwe kwiimpana kupati kwakabonwa mubunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng. Aawo kubelesya lime kwa 2250 kg h m-2, bunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika mumusamu wakusansaila oxalic acid wa 0.2 mol l-1 wakali mupati kwiinda mumusamu uutabelesyi oxalic acid (35.11%). Eelyo layimu niyakabikkwa a 3750 kg h m-2, ma protein aakonzya kunywika akaseluka loko aawo oxalic acid niyakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa, mpawo ma protein aakonzya kunywika (269.84 μg g-1) akali munsi kapati aawo naakabikkwa a 0.2 mol l-1. 1 kusansaila asidi ya oxalic (Mufanikisyo. 3).
Kunyina kwiimpana kupati kwakajanwa mubunji bwa amino acids zili mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng kakunyina lime. Kakuli kuyungizigwa kwakusansaila a oxalic acid antoomwe akubelesya lime kwa 750 kg hm-2, bunji bwa amino acids bwakasaanguna kuseluka mpawo bwakatanta. Kubelesya busilisi a 2250 kg hm-2 lime a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakayungizya kapati bunji bwa amino acids zyaangulukide a 33.58% kweelanisigwa akutasilikwa a oxalic acid. Aawo nikuyungizya kwakusansaila a oxalic acid akutalisya 3750 kg·hm-2 ya lime, bunji bwa amino acid bwakaceya loko. Bunji bwama amino acid aatabbadelelwi mu 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment bwakali aansi a 49.76% kwiinda mubusilisi butakwe oxalic acid. Bunji bwa amino acid bwaangulukide bwakali bupati aawo nobwakali kusilikwa kakunyina kusilikwa a oxalic acid mpawo bwakali kusika ku 2.09 mg/g. Bunji bwa amino acid (1.05 mg g-1) bwakali buniini aawo nobwakasansailwa a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Fig. 4).
Ikugwasya kwakusansaila mafwaafwi a oxalic acid aatala a amino acids a proline mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng mubukkale bwakukatazyigwa kwa cadmium [J].
Bunji bwa proline mumiyanda bwakaceya aawo mweelwe wa lime a oxalic acid nowakayungizyigwa. Kwakanyina kwiimpana kupati mubunji bwa proline bwa Panax notoginseng kakunyina lime. Kakuli kuyungizigwa kwakusansaila a oxalic acid antoomwe a lime kubelesya mweelwe wa 750, 2250 kg hm-2, bunji bwa proline bwakasaanguna kuseluka mpawo bwakatanta. Bunji bwa proline mu 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment bwakali bupati kwiinda proline mu 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, bwalo bwakatanta a 19.52% a 44.33%, kweendelana. Notwakali kubelesya 3750 kg·hm-2 ya lime, bunji bwa proline bwakaceya kapati aawo nokwakayungizyigwa kusansaila a oxalic acid. Bunji bwa proline musule aakusansaila a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid bwakali munsi a 54.68% kwiinda kakunyina oxalic acid. Bunji bwa proline bwakali buniini loko mpawo bwakasika ku 11.37 μg/g aawo nibakasilikwa a 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Fig. 4).
Ma saponins woonse mu Panax notoginseng akali Rg1>Rb1>R1. Kwakanyina kwiimpana kupati muzintu zyakali muma saponin otatwe kakuli kuvwula kwa oxalic acid spray kakunyina lime (Table 4).
Bunji bwa R1 aawo nokwakali kusansaila 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid bwakali munsi kapati kwiinda aawo nokwakali kusansaila oxalic acid akubelesya lime 750 naa 3750 kg·h·m-2. Aawo oxalic acid yakasansaila 0 naa 0.1 mol l-1, kwakanyina kwiimpana kupati mu R1 mpawo kwakayungizyigwa mweelwe wa lime. Aawo nikwakali kusansaila asidi ya oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1, mweelwe wa R1 wa 3750 kg hm-2 ya lime wakali munsi kapati a 43.84% kakunyina lime (Table 4).
Bunji bwa Rg1 bwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo bwakaseluka aawo nokwakali kuyaambele kusansaila a oxalic acid antoomwe a lime kubelesya mweelwe wa 750 kg·h·m−2. Aawo 2250 naa 3750 kg h m-2, Rg1 yakaselemuka aawo oxalic acid noyakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa. Aawo kusansaila kwa oxalic acid, bunji bwa Rg1 bwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo bwakaseluka aawo mweelwe wakubelesya lime nowakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa. Mukweezyanisya akweendelezya, kunze lyakusansaila ziindi zyotatwe zya oxalic acid a 750 kg h m-2, Rg1 yakali mpati kwiinda yakweendelezya, Rg1 yakali mumiyanda ya misamu imwi yakali munsi kwiinda yakweendelezya. Bunji bwa Rg1 bwakali bupati aawo nobwakasansailwa a 750 kg gm-2 lime a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, eeyo yakali 11.54% kwiinda ya control (Table 4).
Bunji bwa Rb1 bwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo bwakaseluka aawo nokwakali kuyaambele kusansaila a oxalic acid antoomwe a lime kubelesya mweelwe wa 2250 kg hm-2. Musule akusansaila 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, Rb1 yakasika a 3.46%, eeyo iili 74.75% kwiinda kakunyina kusansaila oxalic acid. Aawo kuli zimwi misamu ya lime, kwakanyina kwiimpana kupati aakati kakusansaila kwa oxalic acid. Nibakasansailwa a 0.1 a 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, bunji bwa Rb1 bwakasaanguna kuseluka, mpawo bwakaseluka aawo lime niyakali kuyaa kuyungizyigwa (tebulu 4).
Aawo mweelwe nguwenya wa oxalic acid wakasansailwa, bunji bwa flavonoids bwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo bwakaseluka aawo mweelwe wakubelesya lime nowakayungizyigwa. Taakwe lime naakuti 3750 kg hm-2 lime yakasansailwa a oxalic acid iisiyene-siyene yakajisi kwiimpana kupati mubunji bwa flavonoid. Eelyo lime niyakabikkwa amweelwe wa 750 a 2250 kg h m-2, bunji bwama flavonoids bwakasaanguna kuyaambele mpawo bwakaseluka akuyungizigwa kwakusansaila a oxalic acid. Nibakasilikwa amweelwe wa 750 kg hm-2 akusansaila a 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, bunji bwa flavonoids bwakali bupati mpawo bwakasika ku 4.38 mg g-1, oobo buli 18.38% bupati kwiinda lime amweelwe wakubelesya nguwenya. kakwiina kusansaila asidi ya oxalic. Bunji bwa flavonoids muchiindi chakusansaila a oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 bwakatanta a 21.74% kweelanisigwa akusilikwa kakunyina kusansaila a oxalic acid antoomwe abusilisi bwa lime a 2250 kg hm-2 (Fig. 5).
Ikugwasya kwa oxalate foliar spraying ku flavonoid zili mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng muchiindi cha cadmium [J].
Buvwuntauzi bwazibeela zyobile bwakatondezya kuti shuga uunyonyooka uuli mu Panax notoginseng wakali kweendelana kapati amweelwe wa lime wakabikkwa antoomwe amweelwe wa oxalic acid wakasansailwa. Bunji bwama protein aakonzya kunywika muzisyango zyamiyanda bwakali kweendelana kapati amweelwe wakubelesya lime, zyoonse zyobile lime a oxalic acid. Bunji bwa amino acids a proline mumiyanda bwakali kweendelana kapati akubelesya lime, bunji bwakusansaila a oxalic acid, lime a oxalic acid (Table 5).
Bunji bwa R1 mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng bwakaswaangene kapati akusansaila kwa oxalic acid, mweelwe wa lime, lime antoomwe a oxalic acid. Bunji bwa flavonoid bwakali kweendelana kapati abunji bwa oxalic acid yakasansailwa antoomwe amweelwe wa lime wakabikkwa.
Kuchincha kunjaanji kwakabelesegwa kuchesya Cd yazisyango kwiinda mukulesya Cd mumuse, mbuli lime a oxalic acid30. Lime ilabelesyegwa kapati mbuli musamu wakuyungizya bulongo kuchesya cadmium muzilyo31. Liang abamwi. 32 bakaamba kuti oxalic acid ilakonzya kubelesegwa kubambulula bulongo busofweede azintu zilemu. Nikwakamana kubikka asidi ya oxalic mubulongo busofweede, zintu zipona zyabulongo zyakatanta, nguzu zyakucincanya cation zyakaselemuka, mpawo pH yakatanta a 33. Asidi ya oxalic ilakonzya kuswaangana ama ayoni aabutale mumuse. Mukukatazyigwa kwa Cd, mweelwe wa Cd mu Panax notoginseng wakatanta kapati kweelanisigwa a Cd. Nokuba boobo, aawo lime niyakabelesegwa, yakaselemuka loko. Mukuvwuntauzya ooku, aawo nokwakabikkwa 750 kg hm-2 lime, mweelwe wa Cd mumuyanda wakasika achiimo chenyika yoonse (Cd limit: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), mpawo mpindu yakubelesya 2250 kg hm−2 ya lime yakabeleka obotu a lime. Kubelesya lime kwakapa kuti kube masena miingi yakuzundana aakati ka Ca2+ a Cd2+ mumuse, mpawo kuyungizya oxalic acid kwakapa kuti Cd ichele mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng. Nokuba boobo, Cd iili mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng yakacheya loko akusanganya lime a oxalic acid, kusika aawo mpokugolela muchisi. Ca2+ mubulongo ilanjililwa atalaa miyanda muchiindi chakuyoya kwamaanzi mpawo ilakonzya kutolwa amaseelo aamumiyanda kwiinda munzila zya calcium (Ca2+-channels), mapompi aa calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) antoomwe a Ca2+/H+ antiporters, mpawo ilatolwa munzila iiteendelani ku root xylem 23. Mukati Mumiyanda Ca Ca tiikwakali kweendelana pe (P<0.05). Bunji bwa Cd bwakaceya aawo Ca niyakavwula, eezi zyeendelana amuzeezo uujatikizya kulwana kwa Ca a Cd. Kuvwuntauzya kwakusiyana kwakatondeezya kuti mweelwe wa lime wakasungwaazya kapati mweelwe wa Ca mumiyanda ya Panax notoginseng. Pongrac abamwi. 35 bakaamba kuti Cd ilajatikizyigwa a oxalate mumabwe aa calcium oxalate mpawo ilazundana a Ca. Nokuba boobo, kweendelezya Ca a oxalate tiikwakali kuyandika pe. Eezi zyakatondezya kuti kudonkola kwa calcium oxalate kwakapangwa a oxalic acid a Ca2+ tiikwakali kudonkola kuuba pe, mpawo nzila yakutontola antoomwe ilakonzya kweendelezyegwa anzila zyaandeene zyakusanduka kwazyakulya.