Bbazu lyakukwabilila busena lyaku Amelika (EPA) lyakakankaizya kukasya kubelesya kwa dichloromethane, alimwi wiitwa kuti dichloromethane, musamu uubelesyegwa kapati mukunyonyoona akugwasya mukupanga zintu. Ikukasya kwakayeeyelwa kuyooba aampindu mpati kumakkampani miingi, aakati ka 100 a 250 miliyoni yamapaundi aamakemikalu akapangwa naa kuletwa kuzwa kunze aacisi mu 2019. Zibelesyo zisyoonto zyakasyaala, kubikkilizya akubelesya mbuli musamu wakupanga HFC-32, ziyoobikkilwa milawu miyumu kwiinda zyeelelo zya OSHA zyamazubaano.
EPA yakaambilizya kulesyegwa akulesyegwa mumulawu wakabikkwa mu May 3, 2023, 83 Fed. lembesya. 28284. Muzeezo ooyu ulakonzya kukasya kubelesya dichloromethane. Kubelesya kuli koonse kwa dichloromethane mumafakitali amumakwebo, kubikkilizya akubelesya maanzi aakutola kupya naa kugwasya munzila zimwi, alimwi akubelesya bunji bwazintu mbuli cintu cipa kuti zintu zibe kabotu, akwalo kuyookasigwa, kunze lyakubelesya kuli kkumi, kobile akati kazyeezyo nkwaalubazu kapati. Kubelesya kutazumizyidwe akutabikkilizyigwa kulilembedwe kumamanino aakuchenjezya ooku. Milawo mipya iiyandika kapati yakubelesya kumbele ilakonzya kujatikizya kubelesya kutabikkilizyidwe mumulongo uuli woonse.
Zibelesyo zili kkumi zitabikkilizyidwe amulawu ooyu ziyoopa kuti kube kuyandikana kwakubelesya bubambe bwakukwabilila misamu kubusena bwakubelekela (WCPP) kweendelanya azyeelelo zya OSHA zya methylene chloride, pesi kakuli milawu yakubelesya misamu iiliwo iili munsi a 92% kwiinda OSHA njiizumizya.
Aabo bayanda kunjila balaa chiindi kusikila mu July 3, 2023 kuti bape mizeezo yabo aatala amulawu ooyu. EPA yakabuzya kuti bape mizeezo aatala amitwe yamakani iili makumi one aane, ikuswanizya akuti naa zyeelelo zya WCPP zyeelede kunjila mubusena bwakukasya kubelesya alimwi akuti naa chiindi chakulesya chakufwambaana chilakonzeka. EPA alimwi yakakumbila kuti baambe kuti naa kuli kubelesya kukasyidwe kulakonzya kuba kubelesyegwa kupati naa kuyandika kapati, nkaambo kunyina nzila zimbi zikwabilidwe.
Ooku kukankaizya nkwabili kukankaminwa a EPA kuma kkemikkalu aali kkumi aayandika kapati ayelede kulanga-langwa ntenda aansi aaChibeela 6 chamulawu wakulesya misamu iikola (TSCA). Chakusanguna, ooku nkuyeeya kwakukasya kubelesya koonse kwa chrysotile. Mulawu watatu ujatikizya perchlorethylene, ooyo wakali kulanga-langwa aOfesi lyaBweendelezi aMali (OMB) kuzwa muFebuluwale 23, 2023. Kuzwa muMulumi 20, 2023, mulawu wamamanino wa chrysotile (langa nchenjezyo yesu) ulimukulangwa-langwa aOMB.
Kulangisisya ntenda kwakacitwa mu mwezi wa 6 2020 kwakajana kuti kuli ntenda zitayandiki muzyiimo zyoonse kunze lyaziimo zili musanu ayimwi oomo methylene chloride moyakabelesegwa. Zyoonse zili musanu ayimwi lino zilibonya mumulongo wamalailile aakubelesya kweendelana aziyandikana zya WCPP. Bupanduluzi bwa ntenda bwakacincwa mumweezi wa Nalupale 2022 bwakatondezya kuti dichloromethane kanjikanji iletela ntenda iitali kabotu, kakuli buyo chintu chomwe chakubelesya (kwaabila mumakwebo) chitachiti kabotu bupanduluzi. Ikulesyegwa kwakayeeyelwa kuyoobikkilizya akwaabila kwamakwebo kwakubelesya kutazumizyidwe, pesi kutali kwakubelesya kweendelana amilawu ya WCPP. Kakwiindide kujana kuti dichloromethane ilakonzya kuleta ntenda iitali kabotu, Chipanzi 6(a) cha TSCA lino chiyanda kuti EPA ichite milawu yakulanganya ntenda kumusamu ooyu kusikila mpokugolela kuchitila kuti itabi limbi ntenda.
EPA yakakasya basikuula kubelesya methylene chloride kugwisya penti azintu zyakuvwumba, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA lino ilaa makanze aakukasya kubelesya koonse kwabasikuula kutabikkilizyidwe muchibeela 751.105, kubikkilizya akupanga, kubamba, akusambala methylene chloride azintu zijisi methylene chloride muzintu eezyi.
Mukuyungizya, EPA ilaa muzeezo wakukasya kubelesya kwa dichloromethane mumafakitali amumakwebo ooko kutakweendelezyegwi amilawu ya WCPP, kubikkilizya akupanga, kubamba, kwaabila mumakwebo, akubelesya mubukkale oobu.
Mamanino aakuchenjezya ooku alembedwe zintu zili makumi aane amusanu zyamakkampani, zyamakwebo, azyakubelesya zyalo zyeelede kulesyegwa. Mulongo ooyu wakagwisigwa kuzwa ku 2020 Risk Assessment. Mukuyungizya, EPA ilaa makanze aakutambula mulawu wakubelesya zintu zipya (SNUR) ooyo uuyoobeleka kuli kufumbwa dichloromethane naakuti zintu zijisi dichloromethane zitabikkilizyidwe mukulanga ntenda. Makanze aabweendelezi aakamwaigwa mumweezi waBweembo atondezya kuti kube SNUR mu April 2023 (EPA yakasweekelwa kale buzuba oobo) antoomwe a SNUR yamamanino kusikila mumweezi wa Nsondo 2024.
EPA yeezyeezya kuti kulesyegwa ooku kuyoopa kuti kube chisela chazyotatwe cha methylene chloride yoonse iizwa kunze ya TSCA azintu zimwi.
[T]mulawu uuyeeyelwa tuukonzyi kubeleka kuzintu zyoonse zitabikkilizyidwe mubupanduluzi bwa "makemikalu" aansi aaChibeela 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) cha TSCA. Eezyi zintu zitabikkilizyidwe zibikkilizya, pesi tazimani kuli... kufumbwa chakulya, misamu yakuyungizya, misamu, zyakulibamba, naakuti chibelesyo, mbuli mbukwaambidwe muChibeela 201 chaFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, nikubambwa, kubelesegwa, naakuti kwaabwa kuti zibelesyegwe mumakwebo. . kuti zibelesyegwe muzyakulya, zyakulya zigwasya mubili, misamu iikola, zyakulisamika naa zibelesyo...
Kujatikizya zintu zyakunamatizya mukupanga mabbattery aabelesyegwa mubusilisi, mbuli mbokwaambidwe muchibeela 201(h) cha Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, eezyo zintu zibelesyegwa zyeelede kuba "zibelesyo" kuti "zyakapangwa, kubelesegwa, naa kwaabwa kuti zibelesyegwe mbuli zibelesyo" zilakonzya kugwisigwa mubupanduluzi bwa "makemikalu" aboobo kuti tiikwakali kweendelana amulawu kuya kumbele kusumpulwa.
Kubelesya dichloromethane mbuli maanzi aabeleka munzila iijalidwe munzila yakupanga misamu kuyandika kuti ibelesyegwe mbuli chintu chigwisya misamu mukusalazya misamu, mpawo [EPA] yakajana kuti kubelesya ooku kweendelana abupanduluzi buli atala aawa, kutali "makemikalu" kweendelanya a TSCA.
Kukasya zintu zikulwaizya zikasya kubamba methylene chloride azintu zijisi methylene chloride. EPA ilomba kuti baambe kuti naa chiindi chiyungizyidwe chiyandikana, mbuli chitondeezyo, kusalazya nzila zyakwaabila zintu zikasyidwe. Twaambilizya kulomba kwakwaamba lino, EPA ilakonzya kutayandisya kulanga-langa kulomba kwakuyungizya chiindi chiboola.
Mbuli mbokutondezyedwe muzyiimo zili makumi one amusanu zikasyidwe, methylene chloride ibelesyegwa mumakwebo miingi, kubikkilizya mbuli chintu chakusanzya alubo mbuli chintu chigwasya mukupanga zintu. Mukujana mpindu, muzeezo ooyu, kuti wamanizyigwa, uyoojatikizya makkampani miingi. Kulangisisya ntenda kwa 2020 kutondeezya zibeela zimwi zyakubelesya:
Dichloromethane ilakonzya kubelesegwa munzila zyiingi, kubikkilizya akujala, zintu zyakupanga myootokala, akugwisya penti azintu zivwumbidwe. Dichloromethane ilizyibidwe mbuli chintu chikonzya kunyonganya penti alimwi amumisamu akuvwumba mafilimu. Chibelesyegwa mbuli chintu chakuyoya polyurethane akupanga ma hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) ma refrigerants mbuli HFC-32. Alimwi lilajanwa muma aerosol propellants alimwi ama solvents aabelesyegwa mukupanga zibelesyo zya magesi, kusalazya akugwisya mafuta muzibulo, alimwi akumanizya zintu zyamuŋanda.
Bulangizi bwakukasya kubelesya bunji bwa methylene chloride bulabusya mibuzyo mipati aatala anzila zimbi zikonzya kubelesegwa. EPA ilalanga-langa kaambo aaka aawo noilanga-langa nzila zimbi, eezyo zipanduludwe mumatalikilo mbuli mbokutondezyedwe:
Kuziba zyeelelo zyakubelesya zintu zili a methylene chloride lino, EPA yakajana myaanda yazibelesyo zitabelesyi methylene chloride zijanika mumakwebo, mpawo, kusikila mpocikonzyeka, yakabikka mulongo wamakkimikkalu aalibedelede naakuti zintu zibelesyegwa mu Alternatives Assessment. .
EPA yakajana zintu zimbi zili 65 mumulongo wakugwisya penti akuvwumba, oomo kubamba zintu zyamuŋanda nchintu chiche (ref. 48). Mbuli mbukwaambidwe mukuvwuntauzya kwabuvubi, nikuba kuti tazili zyoonse eezyi zintu zikonzya kugwasya mumilimo imwi yakubambulula zintu zyamuŋanda, nzila zyakubelesya minchina naa zyakupya zilakonzya kuba nzila zimbi zitabelesyi misamu kwiinda kubelesya zintu zijisi methylene chloride mukugwisya penti akuvwumba. … …EPA isyoma kuti kuli nzila zimbi zikonzya kugwasya mumakwebo…
[A] Nzila zimbi zyakubelesya mubusena bwa methylene chloride zitazyibidwe kuti nzintu zigwasya mukupanga zintu. EPA ilikukumbila makani aatala anzila zimbi zyakubelesya mubusena bwa methylene chloride mbuli mbozijatikizya nzila zyakweendelezya zili muChizuminano eechi.
Kubula nzila zimbi zikonzya kubelesegwa mbuli zibelesyo nchintu chikonzya kuba penzi. EPA ipandulula zyeelelo zyakubelesya kuti:
Kubelesya kwa dichloromethane mumafakitali naakuti mumakwebo kusumpula kubeleka kwanzila naakuti zibelesyo zyakubelesya, naakuti aawo dichloromethane niyabikkwa mumulimo naakuti kuchintu naakuti kusanganya kuti kuchinche naakuti kukwabilila pH yachintu naakuti kusanganya. Musamu uusilisya taubi cibeela chachintu chizwa mukusanduka mpawo tauchinchi pe mulimo wachintu naakuti chintu chizwa.
Dichloromethane ibelesyegwa mbuli "chiyungizyo mumulimo" mpawo ibelesyegwa mbuli chintu chitola kupya mumabambe aajalidwe. mulawu uuyeeyelwa ulakonzya kukasya kubelesya kwa dichloromethane nikuba kuti takukonzyi kujatikizyigwa pe. Nokuba boobo, matalikilo ayungizya kuti:
EPA yakakumbila mizeezo aatala akuti mbunga zimwi zibelesya methylene chloride mbuli lugwasyo lwakuchita zintu ziyootobelezya zyeelelo zya WCPP zya methylene chloride. Kuti mbunga zyiingi kazikonzya kutondezya kwiinda mukusanganya data yakulangisisya antoomwe abupanduluzi bwanzila kuti kuzumanana kubelesya methylene chloride takupi kuti babelesi babe muntenda, EPA ilasinizya kuti ilibambilide kumanizya mulawu oomo [nkokuti kubelesya mbuli nzila yakutola kupya] naakuti kubelesya [mbuli nzila yakugwasya] kuzumanana kweendelanya a WCPP...
Aboobo, makkampani abelesya methylene chloride muzintu zitayandiki kapati, mbuli maanzi aatola kupya, alakonzya kulomba EPA kuti ichinche mulawu wakukasya kubelesya ooku kuti WCPP ibelesegwe—kufumbwa buyo kuti balakonzya kutondezya ku EPA kuti balakonzya kutobela zyeelelo zya WCCP zyaambwa munsi. Kabunga kakwabilila busena alimwi kakaamba kuti:
Kuti EPA yakakachilwa kujana nzila zimbi zyakubelesya muchiimo eechi mpawo tiiyakapa makani aambi aagwasya EPA kuti ibone kuti WCPP ilagwisya ntenda iitali kabotu. Nzila yeelede.
Chipanzi 6(d) chiyanda kuti EPA ichite kuti kube kutobelezya muchiindi chifwiifwi, pesi kakutanainda myaaka yosanwe kuzwa mulawu wamamanino nowakapegwa. Mumajwi amwi, kubelesya ooku kulakonzya kupa kuti chiindi chakutobela milawu chiyungizigwe.
Kuziimo zili kkumi zyakubelesya zili ansi aawa, kubikkilizya akupanga akubamba HFC-32, kubelesya alimwi akusowa, EPA yakapa muzeezo wakukwabilila kukwabilila kubusena bwakubelekela (nkokuti WCPP) kuti ibe nzila imwi yakulesya. Nzila zyakweendelezya zibikkilizya ziyandikana zyakukwabilila, masena aayendelezyegwa, kulanga-langa (kubikkilizya anzila zipya zyakulanga-langa kweendelana anzila zibotu zyaku laboratory), nzila zyakutobela, kukwabilila kuyoya, kukwabilila chikumba, alwiiyo. Eeyi milawu ilayungizya OSHA methylene chloride standard 29 CFR § 1910.1052, pesi ilayeeme azyeelelo eezyo kakuli kuchincha komwe kuyandika.
Zyeelelo zya OSHA (zyakasaanguna kuzuminwa mu 1997) zilijisi mweelwe uuzumizyidwe wa 25 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)) antoomwe a Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) wa 125 ppm (15-minute TWA) . Mukweezyanisya, TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) yamazubaano ili 2 ppm (8 hour TWA) mpawo STEL ili 16 ppm (15 minutes TWA). Aboobo ECEL ili buyo 8% ya OSHA PEL mpawo EPA STEL iyooba 12.8% ya OSHA STEL. Izyeelelo zyakweendelezya zyeelede kubelesegwa kweendelana a ECEL antoomwe a STEL, akweendelezya kwabusongo kakuli chintu chakusanguna mpawo kubelesya zibelesyo zyakulikwabilila kakuli nzila yamamanino.
Eezi zyaamba kuti bantu bazuzikizya ziyandikana zya OSHA tabakonzyi kusika azyeelelo zya ECEL a STEL. Kudooneka aatala akukonzya kuzuzikizya milawu eeyi nchintu chakapa kuti EPA ikasye kubelesya methylene chloride azintu zijisi methylene chloride mumafakitali amumakwebo.
Mukuyungizya kukubelesya kupanga akubamba zintu zililembedwe, zyeelelo zya WCPP zilabeleka akusowa akubamba methylene chloride azintu zijisi methylene chloride. Mukujana mpindu, makkampani aasowa tombe abasikusowa tombe aabo batazyi zyeelelo zya TSCA bayooyandika kwiinda muzyeelelo zya OSHA.
Twaambilizya bupati bwakukasya kwakayeeyelwa amweelwe wababelesi bakonzya kujatikizyigwa, mizeezo aatala amulawu ooyu ilakonzya kuba aampindu kwiinda lyoonse. Mizeezo iyootumwa ku EPA kusikila mu July 3, 2023. Ntalisyo ilalumbaizya kuti mbunga zitume mizeezo yabo aatala amapepa aayandika ku OMB kusikila mu June 2, 2023.
Katutanaamba, makkampani ambunga zyamakwebo (kuzwa mukubona kwabantu babo) balakonzya kuyanda kulanga-langa eezyi:
Basikupandulula balakonzya kuyanda kwaamba mbuli mbobabelesya methylene chloride, nzila zyabo zyakuchita kuti kutabi ntenda, pulogilamu ya OSHA yakutobela milawu ya methylene chloride, mpindu zyakulanga-langa bulondo bwa methylene chloride mumafakitali (akuti kweelanisigwa biyeni a ECEL a STEL). ; mapenzi aabusongo aajatikizya kuzyiba naa kuchincha kubelesya nzila imbi yakubelesya methylene chloride; buzuba mbobakonzya kuchincha kuya kunzila imbi (ikuti kacikonzyeka); akuyandika kwakubelesya kwabo methylene chloride.
Majwi aaliboobu alakonzya kugwasyilizya kuyungizigwa kwachiindi chakutobelezya milawu yakubelesya, naakuti chiyandisyo cha EPA chakugwisya kubelesya kumwi kwa methylene chloride kuzwa kukulesyegwa kweendelana aChibeela 6(g) cha TSCA. Chipanzi 6(g)(1) chaamba kuti:
Kuti mweendelezi wajana kuti...
(A) kubelesya kwaambwa nkubelesya kupati naakuti kuyandikana loko ooko kutakwe nzila zimbi zikonzya kubelesegwa munzila yabusongo azyamali, kakubikkilwa maano ntenda azintu zikonzya kuchitika;
(B) kutobela ziyandikana zibeleka mubukkale bumwi bwakubelesya kulakonzya kunyonganya buvubi bwacisi, lukwabililo lwachisi, naakuti zibelesyo ziyandikana; naakuti
(C) Ziimo zyaambwa zyakubelesya musamu naakuti musamu zipa lugwasyo lupati kubuumi, busena naakuti lukwabililo lwabantu boonse kuti twakozyanisya anzila zimbi ziliwo.
Bikkilizya zyeelelo, kubikkilizya akubamba zilembedwe kabotu, kulanga-langa akupa malipooti, ​​kusikila mpo Mweendelezi wabona kuti zyeelelo eezi ziyandikana mukukwabilila buumi abusena kumwi kazuzikizya makanze aakugwisigwa.
Ntalisyo yaamba kuti EPA iyoolanga-langa kuleka chibeela 6(g) kuti kakunyina nzila zimbi zikonzya kubelesegwa mpawo kuzuzikizya ziyandikana zya WCPP takukonzeki pe:
Nikunyina, kuti EPA yakakachilwa kujana nzila imbi yakubelesya [mbuli nzila yakugwisya kupya] mpawo, kweendelanya amakani mapya, EPA yabona kuti kukasya kubelesya inga kwanyonganya lukwabililo lwachisi naakuti zintu ziyandikana, mbunga ya EPA iyoolanga-langa TSCA Section 6(g) exemption.
Basikupandulula balakonzya kutondeezya kuti naa balakonzya kuzuzikizya ziyandikana zya WCPP, mpawo kuti pe, ino nzintu nzi nzyobakonzya kuzuzikizya.
Kuliimya: Akaambo kakuti makani aaya mapya, makani aapegwa aawa taakonzyi kubeleka mubukkale boonse, alimwi taayelede kutobelwa kakunyina lulayo lwamumulawo kweelana abukkale bwanu.
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