Eechi chibalo ncibeela chamutwe wamakani wakuvwuntauzya "Kubelesya misamu iijaya tuzunda, kukazyigwa kwamisamu iijaya tuzunda antoomwe ama microbiome aabanyama balya". Langa zibalo zyoonse zili kkumi atutatu
Ma asidi aatakwe busani alazumanana kuyandika kapati mbuli zintu ziyungizyidwe kuzyakulya zyabanyama. Kusikila sunu, chibikkilwa maanu nkukwabilila chakulya, ikapati kuchesya malwazi aajanika muzyakulya mu nkuku abanyama bamwi. Ma asidi manji aabuumi alikuyiigwa lino naakuti alikubelesegwa kale mumakwebo. Akati kama asidi miingi ya organic yakavwuntauzyigwa loko, asidi ya formic nimwi yayo. Asidi yafoomu ilasanganyigwa muzyakulya zyankuku kuchitila kuti kutabi Salmonella azimwi zilwazi zizwa muzyakulya muzyakulya amumapunga aamubili nikwakamana kulya. Mbuli kumvwisisisya kugwasya akujatikizyigwa kwa asidi yafoomu kumuntu uutambula malwazi azwa muzyakulya mbokuyaabukomena, kwaba antangalala kuti kujanika kwa asidi yafoomu kulakonzya kuleta nzila zimwi mu Salmonella. Ooku kwiingula kulakonzya kuba kuyumu loko aawo asidi yafoomu niyanjila mumubili wamuntu mpawo waswaangana kutali buyo a Salmonella iili kale mumubili wamuntu pele akuswaangana ama microbial flora. Ikulanga-langa ooku kuyoolanga-langa zyazwa lino anzila zyakuyungizya buvwuntauzi aatala a microbiome ya nkuku azyakulya zibikkidwe a formic acid.
Mukuzyala banyama abanyama bavwubwa, buyumuyumu mbwakubamba nzila zyakweendelezya zikonzya kugwasya kukomena akuzyala kumwi kakwiina ntenda zyakukwabililwa kwazyakulya. Muchindi, kubelesya misamu iijaya malwazi mubunji bwazintu zitali kabotu kwasumpula buumi bwabanyama, buumi bubotu, akubeleka kabotu (1-3). Kuzwa munzila yakulanga, kwakayeeyelwa kuti misamu iijaya tuzunda iipegwa mubunji bwazintu zitakonzyi kulesyegwa ilakonzya kugwasya nsandulo zyamuntu kwiinda mukucinca misamu yamumatumbu (GI) mpawo, mpawo, kuswaangana kwayo amuntu (3). Nokuba boobo, kulibilika kuzumanana kujatikizya kumwaika kwamalwazi aajanika muzyakulya zitakonzyi kubelesyegwa amisamu iijaya tuzunda alimwi akuswaangana kwazyo amalwazi aatakonzyi kubelesyegwa amisamu iijaya tuzunda mubantu kwapa kuti kube kuleka kubelesya misamu iijaya tuzunda mubanyama balya (4–8). Aboobo, kupanga zintu zyakuyungizya zyakulya azyakusumpula eezyo zizuzikizya zimwi zyazeezi ziyandika (kusumpula buumi bwabanyama, buumi bubotu, akuzyala) nchintu chiyandisi kapati kuzwa kukuvwuntauzya kwabasikwiiya akusumpula makwebo (5, 9). Misyobo yiindene-indene yazyakulya zyakusambala zyanjila mumusika wazyakulya zyabanyama, kubikkilizya ama probiotics, prebiotics, mafwuta aayandika kapati alimwi azintu zimwi zijatikizyidwe kuzwa kuzisyango ziindene-indene, alimwi amakemikalu mbuli ma aldehydes (10–14). Zimwi zintu zyakuyungizya zyakulya zyakusambala zibelesyegwa kapati mubanyama bavwubwa zibikkilizya ma bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, competitive exclusion products, antoomwe a acidic compounds (15, 16).
Akati kamakemikalu aayungizyidwe muzyakulya, ma aldehydes ama organic acids ngaakali kuvwuntauzyigwa akubelesegwa kapati (12, 17–21). Ma asidi aamubili, ikapati ma asidi aajisi nsinga zifwiifwi (SCFAs), ngaazyibidwe kapati kuti ngaalilwanya mabakiteriya aaleta malwazi. Eeyi asidi iibelesyegwa mbuli zintu ziyungizyidwe muzyakulya kutali buyo kucesya kubako kwatuzunda muzyakulya pele alimwi akugwasya kubeleka kwamumatumbu (17, 20–24). Mukuyungizya, ma SCFAs alapangwa kwiinda mukubizigwa azisyango zyamumala munzila yakugaya chakulya mpawo ayeeyelwa kuti alagwasya kapati mukukonzya kwama probiotics amwi ma prebiotics kulwana malwazi aajanika munzila yakugaya chakulya (21, 23, 25).
Muminyaka yiinda, mafuta aasiyene-siyene (SCFAs) akabikkilwa maanu kapati mbuli zintu ziyungizyidwe muzyakulya. Mubwini, propionate, butyrate, antoomwe a formate zyakaba makani aaziiyo zyiingi akubelesyegwa mumakwebo (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Nikuba kuti ziiyo zyakusaanguna zyakali kubikkila maanu kukulesya malwazi aajanika muzyakulya zyabanyama ankuku, ziiyo zyakachitika ino-ino zyakasanduka kubikkila maanu kukusumpula buumi bwabanyama abuumi bwamumatumbu (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, antoomwe a butyrate zyakakwela maanu loko mbuli zintu ziyungizya asidi, aakati kazyeezyo asidi yafoomu ayalo ilakonzya kubelesegwa (21, 23). Kubikkila maanu kupati kwakabikkilwa maanu kukukwabililwa kwazyakulya zya formic acid, ikapati kuchesya bulwazi buzwa muzyakulya muzyakulya zyabanyama. Nokuba boobo, zimwi nzila zikonzya kubelesegwa zilalangwa-langwa. Makanze mapati aakulanga-langa ooku ngakulanga-langa makani aakaindi abukkale bwa formic acid mbuli chintu chisumpula chakulya chabanyama (Chitondeezyo 1). Mukuvwuntauzya ooku, tulalanga-langa nzila yakujaya tuzunda ya formic acid. Mukuyungizya, tulalanga-langa mbuli mbozikonzya kuchita kuzivwubwa ankuku mpawo tubandika nzila zikonzya kugwasya kuti zibeleke kabotu.
Cifwanikiso. 1. Maapu yamizeezo yamitwe yamakani yakabandikwa mukulanga-langa ooku. Mubwini, makanze aatobela akabikkilwa maanu: kupandulula makani aakaindi abukkale bwa formic acid mbuli chintu chisumpula chakulya chabanyama, nzila zya formic acid zyakulwana tuzunda antoomwe akugwasya kwawo kubuumi bwabanyama abanyama, anzila zikonzya kugwasya kugwasya.
Kupanga chakulya chabanyama ankuku nchintu chiyumu chijatikizya ntaamu zyiingi, ikuswanizya akubamba maila (nkokuti, kugaya kutegwa kuchesye bupati bwamaila), kubamba chakulya chakupya, akuyungizya busani bunji muzyakulya kweendelanya azyakulya nzyayanda munyama (27). Twaambilizya buyumuyumu oobu, tazigambyi pe kuti kubamba chakulya kupa kuti maila azwe muzintu zyiingi zyamuchilengwaleza kaatanasika kuchigayo chakulya, muchiindi chakugaya, mpawo muchiindi chakweenzyegwa akusanina muzyakulya zisanganizidwe (9, 21, 28). Aboobo, muminyaka yiinda, nkamu yatuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto twakajanwa muzyakulya, kubikkilizya kutali buyo mabakiteriya pele alimwi amabacteriophages, fungi, alimwi ama yeast (9, 21, 28–31). Zimwi zyazintu zisofweede, zilimbuli tuzunda tumwi, zilakonzya kupanga mycotoxins zikonzya kuleta ntenda kubuumi bwabanyama (32-35).
Bunji bwabacteria bulakonzya kuba bwiindene-indene alimwi bulakonzya kuyeeme anzila zimwi zibelesyegwa mukwaandaanya akuzyiba tuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto alimwi ankozyakazwa musamu. Mbuli chitondeezyo, bupange bwama microbial bulakonzya kwiindana kakutanaba mulilo uujatikizya kupya (36). Nikuba kuti nzila zyakukomezya zyachiindi anzila zyakubikkila zintu zyakapa makani amwi, kubelesya kwa 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) nzila kwakapa buvwuntauzi buzulide bwamunyama (9). Chiindi Solanki abamwi. (37) bakalanga-langa buumi bwabacteria mumaila aamaila aakabikkidwe kwachiindi chilamfu mubusena bwa phosphine, musamu uujaya tuzunda, bakajana kuti buumi bwakali bwiindene-indene nikwakamana kutebulwa mpawo nikwakainda myezi yotatwe yakuyobolwa. Kuya kunembo, Solanki abamwi. (37) (37) bakatondezya kuti Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, antoomwe a Planctomyces mbabakali misyobo mipati mumaila, Bacillus, Erwinia, antoomwe a Pseudomonas mbabakali misyobo mipati, mpawo Enterobacteriaceae mbabakali basyoonto. Kwiinda mukweezyanisya kwamisyobo, bakajana kuti kufweba kwa phosphine kwakachincha kapati mweelwe wamabacteria pesi tensi kwakachincha kusiyana kwatunsiyansiya.
Solanki abamwi. (37) wakatondezya kuti zyakulya zilakonzya kuba amalwazi aajanika muzyakulya aakonzya kuleta mapenzi aabuumi bwabantu boonse kweendelanya akujanika kwa Enterobacteriaceae mu microbiome. Malwazi aajanika muzyakulya zilimbuli Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, antoomwe a Listeria monocytogenes akaswaangene azyakulya zyabanyama antoomwe azyakulya zyabanyama (9, 31, 38). Kuzumanana kwatuzunda tumwi tuzwa muzyakulya muzyakulya zyabanyama ankuku takuzibinkene pe. Ge abamwi. (39) bakavwuntauzya zyakulya zyabanyama ziinda ku 200 mpawo bakaandaanya Salmonella, E. coli, antoomwe a Enterococci, pesi tiibakajana E. coli O157:H7 naa Campylobacter. Nokuba boobo, zintu zilimbuli chakulya chiyumu zilakonzya kubeleka mbuli nzila yakujana malwazi aa E. coli. Mukulanga-langa nkokwakazwa bulwazi bwa Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 a O26 bujatikizya malwazi aabantu, Crowe abamwi. (40) bakabelesya nzila yakutobelezya zyintu zyoonse zyamumubili kweezyanisya zintu zyakajanwa kuzwa kuzyakulya. Kwiinda mukweezyanisya ooku, bakajana kuti kaambo kakali kukonzya kuzwa fulaulu wa maila uutakwe maanzi manji kuzwa kuzigayo zyafulawa. Busi busyoonto bwafulawa yamaila butondezya kuti STEC ilakonzya kupona muzyakulya zyabanyama zijisi busi busyoonto. Nokuba boobo, mbuli Crowe abamwi. (40) amubone, kwaandaanya STEC kuzwa kuzitondezyo zyafulawa nkuyumu alimwi kuyandika nzila zyakwaandaanya zya immunomagnetic kutegwa kujane mweelwe uuzulide wamaseelo aamabacteria. Nzila zyakupima zikozyenye zilakonzya kukatazya kujana akwaandaanya tuzunda tutavwuli kujanika muzyakulya zyabanyama. Buyumu-yumu bwakuzibona bulakonzya kuba akaambo kakuzumanana kwachiindi chilamfu kwatuzunda ootu mumasena aatakwe maanzi manji. Forghani abamwi. (41) wakatondezya kuti fulaulu wa maila wakabikkwa muchiimo chakutontola mpawo wakabikkwa musamu uusanganizidwe wa enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, antoomwe a O145 antoomwe a Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, a S. Anatum) wakali kukonzya kubalwa mumazuba aali 14 alimwi wakachili kujanika mpawo wakali kukonzya kubonwa 12 mumviki zili 24 a 52.
Muchindi, Campylobacter teensi naakaandaanizyigwa kuzwa kuzyakulya zyabanyama ankuku kwiinda munzila zyakale zyakukomezya (38, 39), nikuba kuti Campylobacter ilakonzya kwaandaanizyigwa kuzwa mumubili wankuku azyakulya zyankuku (42, 43). Nokuba boobo, chakulya chichili abubotu bwacho mbuli nzila yakujana. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Alves abamwi. (44) wakatondezya kuti kusanzya chakulya cha nkuku chineneede a C. jejuni mpawo akubamba chakulya eecho mumasena obile aapya kwamazuba otatwe naa osanwe kwakapa kuti C. jejuni ipone alimwi, muziindi zimwi, mane akuvwula kwayo. Bakamanizya kuti C. jejuni ilakonzya kupona muzyakulya zya nkuku, aboobo, ilakonzya kuba nzila yakunjizya malwazi kunkuku.
Kusofwaazyigwa kwa Salmonella muzyakulya zya banyama azya nkuku kwakabikkilwa maanu kapati musule mpawo kuchili chintu chibikkilwa maanu mukusoleka kuzumanana kwakupanga nzila zyakuzyiba zikonzya kubelesegwa kuzyakulya akujana nzila zigwasya zyakukwabilila (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Muminyaka yiinda, ziiyo zyiingi zyakalanga-langa kwaandaanya akuzyibwa kwa Salmonella mumasena aasiyene-siyene aakulida zyakulya (38, 39, 54–61). Kuzulilwa antoomwe, ziiyo eezyi zitondezya kuti Salmonella ilakonzya kwaandaanizyigwa kuzwa kuzintu zyiingi zyakulya, nkozizwa zyakulya, misyobo yazyakulya, anzila zyakupanga zyakulya. Mweelwe wakuvwula kwabulwazi antoomwe a Salmonella serotypes zyakagwisigwa azyalo zyakaliindene. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Li abamwi. (57) wakasinizya kubako kwa Salmonella spp. Chakajanika mu 12.5% ​​yamasampu aali 2058 aakabungikwa kuzwa kuzyakulya zyabanyama, zyakulya zyabanyama, zyakulya zyabanyama, zyakulya zyabanyama, azyakulya zyabanyama zyamuŋanda muchiindi chakuyobolola data kuzwa mu 2002 kusikila mu 2009. Kuyungizya waawo, ma serotypes aadumide kapati aakajanwa mu 12.5% ​​yamasampulo aa Salmonella aakajanwa kuti alaa bulwazi oobu akali S. Senftenberg a S. Montevideo (57). Mukuvwuntauzya kwazyakulya zilibambilide kulya azyakulya zyabanyama muTexas, Hsieh abamwi. (58) bakaamba kuti bunji bwa Salmonella bwakali mu nswi, mpawo kwakatobela ma puloteni aabanyama, a S. Mbanka a S. Montevideo mbuli misyobo ya serotypes. Zigayo zyakulya azyalo zilakonzya kutondezya twaambo tunji tukonzya kusofwaazya zyakulya muchiindi chakusanganya akuyungizya zintu (9, 56, 61). Magossi abamwi. (61) bakakonzya kutondezya kuti zibeela zyiingi zyakusofwaazya zilakonzya kuchitika muchiindi chakupanga chakulya mu United States. Mubunike, Magossi abamwi. (61) bakajana kuti kuli chimwi chiimo cha Salmonella mumigodi yakulya iili kkumi aimwi (masena aali kkumi aabili aakutola zitondezyo) mumasena aali cisambomwe mu United States. Twaambilizya kuti Salmonella ilakonzya kusofwaazyigwa muchiindi chakujatwa chakulya, kweenzya, akusanina abuzuba, tazigambyi pe kuti kusoleka kupati kuli mukuchitwa mukupanga zintu zikonzya kucesya akubamba kusofwaazyigwa kwatuzunda muchiindi choonse chakuzyala banyama.
Kunyina chizibinkene aatala anzila Salmonella njiichita ku asidi ya foomu. Nokuba boobo, Huang abamwi. (62) wakatondeezya kuti asidi yafoomu ilajanika mumala masyoonto aabanyama bavwubwa akuti Salmonella spp. zilakonzya kupanga asidi yafoomu. Huang abamwi. (62) bakabelesya nzila zyiingi zyakugwisya zintu zipati kuti bazyibe mbozitondezyegwa ma genes aa Salmonella mpawo bakajana kuti formate ilakonzya kubeleka mbuli chitondezyo chikonzya kumwaika kuti Salmonella injile mumaseelo aa Hep-2 epithelial. Ino-ino, Liu abamwi. (63) wakaandaanya chintu chitola formate, FocA, kuzwa ku Salmonella typhimurium eecho chibeleka mbuli nzila ya formate a pH 7.0 pesi chikonzya kubeleka mbuli nzila yakutola anze iitabeleki a pH mpati yakunze naakuti mbuli nzila yabili iibeleka ya formate/hydrogen ion import channel a pH nsyoonto. Nokuba boobo, chiiyo eechi chakachitilwa buyo a serotype yomwe ya S. Typhimurium. Mubuzyo uchiliwo ngwakuti naa ma serotypes woonse alasandula ku formic acid munzila zikozyania. Ooyu mubuzyo uuyandika kapati wakuvwuntauzya weelede kulanga-langwa muziiyo ziboola kumbele. Nikuba kuti zyazwa, nchintu chibotu kubelesya misyobo myiingi ya Salmonella naakuti misyobo myiingi ya serotype yomwe-yomwe mukusola kulanga-langa aawo notubamba nzila zyakubelesya misamu iiyungizya asidi kuchesya mweelwe wa Salmonella muzyakulya. Nzila zipya, zilimbuli kubelesya nzila zyakulemba ma genetic barcoding kuchitila kuti tukonzye kwaandaanya tubunga tusyoonto twa serotype yomwe (9, 64), zipa choolwe chakuzyiba kwiimpana kubotu ooko kukonzya kugwasya kumamanino akupandulula kwiimpana.
Bube bwamakemikalu anzila yakuzwa kwa formate ilakonzya kuba aampindu. Muziiyo zyiingi, Beyer abamwi. (65-67) bakatondezya kuti kukasya kwa Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, antoomwe a Campylobacter coli kwakali kweendelana amweelwe wa dissociated formic acid alimwi kwakali kweendelana a pH naa undissociated formic acid. Musyobo wamakemikalu aa formate oomo mabakiteriya ngaajanika awalo ulibonya kuti ulayandika. Kovanda abamwi. (68) bakavwuntauzya zintu zyiingi zitakwe Gram-negative a Gram-positive mpawo bakeezyanisya mweelwe muniini wakukwabilila (MICs) wa sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) akusanganya kwa sodium formate a free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Kwiinda mu MIC values, bakajana kuti sodium formate yakali kukasya buyo Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, antoomwe a Streptococcus pneumoniae, pesi kutali Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, naa Enterococcus faecalis. Mukwiimpana, kusanganya kwa sodium formate a free sodium formate kwakali kukasya zintu zyoonse zipona, eezi zyakapa kuti balembi bazyibe kuti free formic acid ilijisi nguzu zyakujaya tuzunda. Zilakonzya kukkomanisya kulanga-langa mweelwe waandeene wamisyobo yobile yamakemikalu kutegwa tuzyibe naa mweelwe wa MIC uleendelana amweelwe wa asidi yafoomu iili mumulongo uusanganizidwe alimwi akuvwiila kwa asidi yafoomu iili 100%.
Gomez-Garcia abamwi. (69) bakasola kusanganya mafuta aayandika kapati ama asidi aamubili (mbuli asidi yafoomu) kulwana zibeela zyiingi zya Escherichia coli, Salmonella, antoomwe a Clostridium perfringens zyakajanwa kuzwa kungulube. Bakasola kubeleka kwama asidi aali cisambomwe, kubikkilizya asidi yafoomu, amafuta aayandika kapati aali cisambomwe kulwana ngulube, kababelesya formaldehyde mbuli nzila yakulanga. Gomez-García abamwi. (69) bakajana MIC50, MBC50, antoomwe a MIC50/MBC50 ya formic acid kulwana Escherichia coli (600 a 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 a 2400 ppm, 4), antoomwe a Clostridium perfringens (1200 a 2400 ppm, aakati kazyeezyo zyakajanika kuti zilabeleka kwiinda zyoonse ma asidi aazwa ku E. coli a Salmonella. (69) Asidi yafoomu ilagwasya kulwana Escherichia coli antoomwe a Salmonella akaambo kakuti njiiniini alimwi nketani ndamfu (70).
Beyer abamwi. bakavwuntauzya misyobo ya Campylobacter yakagwisigwa kuzwa kungulube (66) antoomwe amisyobo ya Campylobacter jejuni yakagwisigwa kuzwa ku nkuku (67) mpawo yakatondezya kuti asidi yafoomu ilaandaana muzibeela zyeendelana a MIC yakapimwa kuli zimwi asidi zipona. Nokuba boobo, nguzu zya asidi eezyi, kubikkilizya asidi yafoomu, zyakabuzyigwa nkaambo Campylobacter ilakonzya kubelesya asidi eeyi mbuli zintu zyakubelesya (66, 67). Kubelesya asidi kwa C. jejuni takugambyi pe nkaambo kwakatondezyegwa kuti kuli nzila yakugaya mubili iitakwe busani. Aboobo, C. jejuni ilijisi nguzu ziche zyakugwisya ma carbohydrate mpawo isyoma mukupanga gluconeogenesis kuzwa kuma amino acids ama organic acids muchiindi chilamfu chakusanduka kwanguzu zyakwe akubeleka kwa biosynthetic (71, 72). Chiiyo chakusaanguna chakachitwa aLine abamwi. (73) bakabelesya nzila yakujana zintu zili 190 zyakujana kaboni mpawo bakatondezya kuti C. jejuni 11168(GS) ilakonzya kubelesya asidi zyabuumi mbuli nzila zyakujana kaboni, bunji bwazyo zili akati-kati ka tricarboxylic acid cycle. Ziiyo zimbi zyakachitilwa a Wagli abamwi. (74) kubelesya nzila yakubelesya kaboni yakatondeezya kuti C. jejuni antoomwe a E. coli zyakavwuntauzyigwa mukwiiya kwabo zilakonzya kukomena aasidi zipona mbuli nzila yakujana kaboni. Formate ninzila mpati iipa manguzu aa C. jejuni aakuyoya, aboobo, ninzila mpati yakupa nguzu zya C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni ilakonzya kubelesya formate mbuli sikupa hydrogen kwiinda mu membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex eeyo iipa kuti formate ibe carbon dioxide, ma protons, ama electrons mpawo ibelekela mbuli electron donor yakuyoya (72).
Asidi yafoomu yakabelesegwa chiindi chilamfu mbuli musamu uujaya tuzunda, asi tuzunda tumwi tulakonzya kupanga asidi yafoomu kuti ibelesegwe mbuli musamu wakukwabilila tuzunda. Rossini abamwi. (76) wakakankaizya kuti asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kuba chintu chizwa mumusamu wa asidi wa nswi wakapandululwa aRay (77) myaaka iili afwaafwi kusika ku 350 yainda. Kuzwa aawo, kumvwisisisya kwesu kwakupangwa kwa asidi yafoomu mu nswi azimwi tuzunda kwayungizyika loko, mpawo lino kwazyibwa kuti eeyi nzila ninzila iikatazya yakukwabilila tuzunda (78). Tubunga twatuzunda tuindene-indene, kubikkilizya nzuki zitakwe nswi, nswi zijisi nsingo (Hymenoptera: Apidae), nswi zyaansi (Galerita lecontei a G. janus), nswi zitakwe nswi (Formicinae), alimwi atuzunda tumwi (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), zilizyibidwe kuti zilapanga asidi yafoomu mbuli musamu wakukwabilila (77–88).
Inswi ambweni nzizyo zizyibidwe kabotu nkaambo zilijisi ma acidocytes, zipulo zilibedelede zibazumizya kusansaila bulowa bupangidwe kapati a formic acid (82). Inswi zibelesya serine mbuli chintu chitalikila mpawo zilabamba bunji bwa formate muzibeela zyabo zyabuyo, eezyo zikwabilidwe kabotu kuti zikwabilile nswi kuzwa ku cytotoxicity ya formate kusikila zyasansailwa (78, 83). Asidi yafoomu njobagwisya ilakonzya (1) kubeleka mbuli pheromone yakuchenjezya kukwela nswi zimwi; (2) kuba musamu wakukwabilila kuli basimuzundano abanyama balya bamwi; a (3) kubeleka mbuli musamu uujaya tuzunda alimwi akujaya tuzunda kuti wasanganyigwa a resin mbuli chibeela chachisani (78, 82, 84–88). Asidi ya Formic iipangwa answi ilakonzya kujaya tuzunda, kutondeezya kuti ilakonzya kubelesegwa mbuli musamu wakuyungizya. Eezi zyakatondezyegwa a Bruch abamwi. (88), walo wakayungizya asidi ya formic ku resini mpawo wakasumpula mulimo wakulwana tuzunda. Bumboni bumbi bwakubeleka kwa asidi yafoomu akugwasya kwayo mubuumi mbwakuti banyama bapati balya nswi, aabo batakonzyi kupanga asidi yamumatumbu, balya nswi zijisi asidi yafoomu kuti zipe asidi iijisi foomu mbuli asidi imwi yakugaya chakulya (89).
Kubelesya asidi yafoomu mubulimi kwakalangwa-langwa akuyiigwa kwamyaka myiingi. Mubwini, asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kubelesegwa mbuli chintu chakuyungizya kuchakulya chabanyama antoomwe a silage. Sodium formate muchiimo chiyumu amumaanzi ilabonwa kuti ilikwabilidwe kumisyobo yoonse ya banyama, basikuula abusena (90). Kwiinda mukulanga kwabo (90), mweelwe mupati wa 10,000 mg ya asidi iikozyenye/kg chakulya wakabonwa kuti uli kabotu kumisyobo yoonse yabanyama, mpawo mweelwe mupati wa 12,000 mg ya asidi iikozyenye/kg chakulya wakabonwa kuti uli kabotu kungulube. Kubelesya asidi yafoomu mbuli chintu chigwasya chakulya chabanyama kwakavwuntauzyigwa kwamyaka myiingi. Chibonwa kuti chilampindu mumakwebo mbuli chintu chikwabilila nyama mpawo nchintu chijaya tuzunda muzyakulya zyabanyama ankuku.
Ziyungizyo zyamakemikalu zilimbuli asidi zyakaba chintu chipati mukupanga masilage akulanganya chakulya (91, 92). Borreani abamwi. (91) wakaamba kuti kuchitila kuti kube kupanga kabotu kwa silage iili kabotu kuyandika kubamba bubotu bwazyakulya zyanyama kumwi kakwiina zintu ziyumu zinji mbuli mbukonzeka. Ikuzwa mukuchita obotu ooku nkucheya kwakusweekelwa muzibeela zyoonse zya nzila yakubamba: kuzwa kumatalikilo aakubelesya muya mu silo kusikila kukubika, kubamba akujula alimwi silo kuti ipe chakulya. Nzila zimwi zyakusumpula kupanga nyama yamuunda akubika misamu yakabandikwa mubufwaafwi kubusena bumbi (91, 93-95) alimwi tazikonzyi kubandikwa mubufwaafwi aawa. Penzi pati nkunyonyooka kwa oxidative kuchitwa a yeast ama molds aawo oxygen nuuli mu silage (91, 92). Aboobo, misamu iikola alimwi amisamu iiyungizyidwe yakatalisyigwa kutegwa kulwisye mapenzi aaboola akaambo kakunyonyooka (91, 92). Zimwi zintu zyakuyeeyela kujatikizya zintu ziyungizyidwe musilage zibikkilizya kulesya kumwaika kwatuzunda tukonzya kujanika musilage (nkokuti, E. coli, Listeria, a Salmonella) antoomwe atuzunda tupanga mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack abamwi. (92) wakaandaanya zintu ziyungizya asidi muzibeela zyobile. Asidi zilimbuli propionic, acetic, sorbic, antoomwe a benzoic acids zilabamba kukkalwa kwa silage aawo nozipegwa banyama bavwubwa kwiinda mukulesya kukomena kwa ma yeast ama molds (92). Mack abamwi. (92) wakaandaanya asidi yafoomu kuzwa kulizimwi asidi mpawo wakabona kuti nchintu chikonzya kulesya ma clostridia atuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto tukonzya kunyonyoona kumwi kababamba kusyomeka kwamapulotini aa silage. Mukuchita, misyobo yabo yamunyo njenzila zidumide kapati zyamakemikalu kutegwa kutabi kubola kwa asidi munzila iitakwe munyo (91). Tubunga tunji twabasikuvwuntauzya twakaiya asidi yafoomu mbuli chintu chiyungizigwa musilage. Asidi yafoomu ilizyibidwe kuti ilakonzya kuchita asidi chakufwambaana akulesya kukomena kwatuzunda tujaya tuzunda itugwisya ma protein ama carbohydrate aakonzya kunywika mumaanzi (99). Aboobo, Walo abamwi. (92) wakakozyanisya asidi yafoomu azintu ziyungizidwe aasidi mu silage. (100) wakatondezya kuti asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kulesya Escherichia coli akugwisya pH ya silage. Zibeela zyamabacteria zipanga asidi ya formic a lactic azyalo zyakabikkwa ku silage kuchitila kuti ziyungizye asidi akupanga asidi ya organic (101). Mubunike, Cooley abamwi. (101) bakajana kuti chiindi nyama niyakabikkwa asidi a 3% (w/v) asidi ya foomu, kupanga kwa asidi ya lactic a foomu kwakainda 800 a 1000 mg asidi ya organic/100 g sampulu, kweendelana. Mack abamwi. (92) bakalanga-langa lugwalo lwabuvwuntauzi bwakuyungizya silage munzila iimvwika, kubikkilizya aziiyo zyakamwaigwa kuzwa mu 2000 eezyo zyakali kubikkila maanu a/naa kubikkilizya a formic acid azimwi acid. Aboobo, ooku kulanga-langa takukabandiki ziiyo zyamuntu omwe-omwe mubufwaafwi pesi kuyoopandulula buyo twaambo tumwi tuyandika kapati kujatikizya bubotu bwa asidi ya formic mbuli musamu wakuyungizya misamu. Zyoonse zyobile, asidi iitakwe buffer aya buffer yakavwuntauzyigwa alimwi muzyiindi zyiingi Clostridium spp. Milimu yayo (kunywa ma carbohydrate, ma protein, antoomwe a lactate akugwisigwa kwa butyrate) ilakonzya kucheya, mpawo kupanga kwa ammonia a butyrate kulaselemuka mpawo kubamba zintu ziyumu kulatanta (92). Kuli zintu zikonzya kulesya kubeleka kwa asidi yafoomu, asi kubelesyegwa kwayo mbuli musamu wakuyungizya asidi antoomwe ama asidi aambi kulibonya kuti kwazunda zimwi zyamapenzi aaya (92).
Asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kulesya malwazi aaleta malwazi aakonzya kuleta ntenda kubuumi bwamuntu. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Pauly a Tam (102) bakasyanga ma laboratory silos masyoonto a L. monocytogenes aajisi zintu zyotatwe ziindene-indene (200, 430, a 540 g/kg) zya ryegrass mpawo bakayungizya a formic acid (3 ml/kg) naa lactic acid bacteria (8 × 10 5/g) antoomwe a cellulomes enzylomes. Bakaamba kuti busilisi boonse bobile bwakacesya L. monocytogenes kusika aawo mpobutakonzyi kubonwa mubulowa butakwe busani (200 g/kg). Nokuba boobo, mumusamu uuyumu (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes wakachili kubonwa musule lyamazuba aali 30 mumusamu wakabikkwa asidi. Ikucheya kwa L. monocytogenes kwakalibonya kuti kwakaliswaangene akucheya kwa pH, lactic acid, antoomwe ama acid aataswaangene. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Pauly a Tam (102) bakaamba kuti lactic acid antoomwe a undissociated acid zyakali kuyandika kapati, eezi zilakonzya kuba kaambo kakapa kuti kutabi kucheya kwa L. monocytogenes kwakabonwa muzibelesyo zyakabambwa a formic acid kuzwa ku silages zyakalijisi zintu zinji ziyumu. ziiyo zikozyania zyeelede kuchitwa kumbelaa mazuba kulizimwi zilwazi zya silage zilimbuli Salmonella antoomwe a E. coli. Buvwuntauzi bwa 16S rDNA buzulide bwazibeela zyoonse zya silage zilakonzya kugwasya kuzyiba kuchincha kwa silage microbial population yoonse ichitika muzibeela zisiyene zyakubila kwa silage kakuli asidi ya formic (103). Kujana data ya microbiome kulakonzya kugwasya mukulanga-langa kuyaambele kwakubila kwa silage akupanga nzila zibotu zyakuyungizya kutegwa silage kaili kabotu.
Muzyakulya zyabanyama zipangwa amaila, asidi yafoomu ilabelesyegwa mbuli musamu uujaya tuzunda kuchitila kuti kutabi malwazi muzyakulya zizwa kumaila antoomwe azintu zimwi zyakulya zilimbuli zyakulya zizwa kubanyama. Ikujatikizigwa kwatuzunda twamalwazi mu nkuku abanyama bamwi kulakonzya kwaandaanizyigwa muzibeela zyobile: ntenda zyamalwazi zili muzyakulya eezyo alimwi azintu zitali zyamalwazi zijanika mumatunta aabanyama nibamana kulya chakulya chili kabotu (20, 21, 104). Zilibonya, eezyi zibeela zyobile zilaswaangene, nkaambo kucheya kwatuzunda muzyakulya kweelede kuleta kucheya kwakunjila munyama aawo munyama nalya chakulya. Nokuba boobo, bube bwakulwana tuzunda bwa asidi imwi iyungizidwe ku chakulya bulakonzya kuchinchilwa atwaambo tunji, mbuli bupange bwa chakulya anzila asidi njoibikkidwe (21, 105).
Muchindi, kubelesya asidi yafoomu azimwi ziswaangene kwakali kubikkila maanu kapati kukulesya Salmonella muzyakulya zyabanyama ankuku (21). Zyakazwa muziiyo eezyi zyakaambwa mubufwiifwi muzibalo zyiingi zyakasimbwa muziindi zisiyene (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), aboobo zimwi buyo zyajanwa muziiyo eezyi nzizyo zibandikwa mukulanga-langa ooku. Ziiyo zyiingi zyakatondezya kuti nguzu zyakulwana tuzunda zya formic acid muzyakulya zyeendelana amweelwe achiindi chakujatikizyigwa a formic acid, bunji bwamaanzi aali muzyakulya, antoomwe akuvwula kwamabacteria muzyakulya amumubili wamunyama (19, 21, 107–109). Musyobo wazyakulya zyabanyama ankuzwa zyakulya zyabanyama azyalo nzintu zipa kuti kube kuchincha. Aboobo, ziiyo zyiingi zyakatondezya kuti zyeelelo zya Salmonella Ma toxini azwa kuzisyango alakonzya kwiindana aayo azwa kuzisyango (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Nokuba boobo, kwiimpana kwakuvwiila kuma asidi mbuli asidi yafoomu kulakonzya kweendelana akusiyana kwakupona kwa serovar muzyakulya akupya ooko kulya nkokupangwa (19, 113, 114). Kusiyana kwakwiingula kwa serovar kukusilikwa asidi kulakonzya kuba kaambo kakusofwaazyigwa kwa nkuku azyakulya zisofweede (113, 115), alimwi kwiimpana kwakutondezya ma gene aajisi bulwazi (116) akwalo kulakonzya kuchita lubazu. Kwiimpana mukukkazika moyo kwa asidi kulakonzya kuchincha kujanika kwa Salmonella mumasena aakukomezya ikuti naa asidi iijanika muzyakulya tiiyakwabilidwe kabotu (21, 105, 117–122). Imusyobo wazyakulya (mbuli bupati bwazibeela) ulakonzya kusungwaazya kujanika kwa asidi ya formic mumubili (123).
Nzila zyakusumpula mulimo wa antimicrobial wa formic acid uuyungizyidwe kuzyakulya azyalo zilayandika kapati. Bunji bwa asidi bwakayeeyelwa kuti bubelesegwe muzyakulya zisofweede kapati kakutanasanganyigwa chakulya kuchitila kuti kutabi kunyonyooka kwazibelesyo zyakugaya chakulya amapenzi aakulya kwabanyama (105). Jones (51) wakamaninizya kuti Salmonella iili muzyakulya kakutanaba kusalazyigwa amakemikalu ilakatazya kweendelezya kwiinda Salmonella iili muzyakulya nikwakamana kusanzyigwa amakemikalu. Kubelesya kupya kwazyakulya muchiindi chakubamba zyakulya kuchigayo chakulya kwakayeeyelwa kuti nchintu chikonzya kugwasya kuchesya kusofwaazyigwa kwa Salmonella, pesi eezi zyeendelana abukkale bwazyakulya, bupati bwazibeela, azintu zimwi zijatikizyidwe anzila yakugaya (51). Ikubeleka kwa asidi kulwana tuzunda akwalo kuyeeme akupya, mpawo kupya kupati kakuli asidi zyabuumi kulakonzya kuba aanguzu zyakulesya Salmonella, mbuli mbokutondezyedwe mumaanzi aa Salmonella (124, 125). Ziiyo zyiingi zyazyakulya zijisi Salmonella zilagwasyilizya muzeezo wakuti kupya kupati kuyungizya kubeleka kwa asidi muzyakulya (106, 113, 126). Amado abamwi. (127) bakabelesya nzila yakubamba zintu zili akati-kati kuti bayiye kujatana kwakupya a asidi (asidi ya formic naa lactic) mumisyobo iili kkumi ya Salmonella enterica a Escherichia coli yakaandaanizyigwa kuzwa kuzyakulya zya ng'ombe ziindene-indene akubikkwa muzibeela zya ng'ombe zijisi asidi. Bakamanizya kuti kupya ncecintu cipati cipa kuti tuzunda tuche, antoomwe asidi amusyobo wamabacteria. Kubelekela antoomwe asidi kuchili kupati, aboobo kupya kwaansi aasidi kulakonzya kubelesegwa. Nokuba boobo, bakabona kuti kujatana tiikwakali kubonwa chiindi choonse aawo asidi yafoomu niyakali kubelesyegwa, eezi zyakapa kuti bayeeye kuti kusanduka kwaasidi yafoomu muchiindi chakupya naa kukwabililwa kwazibeela zyakulya kwakali kaambo.
Kulesya buumi bwazyakulya kazitanapegwa banyama ninzila imwi yakulesya kunjila kwatuzunda tuzwa kuzyakulya mumubili wamunyama muchiindi chakulya. Nokuba boobo, aawo asidi iili muzyakulya niyanjila mumubili, ilakonzya kuzumanana kubeleka mulimo wayo wakujaya tuzunda. Ikubeleka kwakujaya tuzunda kwa misamu iikola iizwa anze mumubili kulakonzya kuyeeme atwaambo tunji, kubikkilizya abunji bwa asidi mumubili, busena bubeleka bwamubili, pH a oxygen zili mukati kamubili, myaka ya munyama, antoomwe abunji bwa tuzunda twamubili (ooto tuyeeme aa busena bwanzila yamumatumbu akukomena kwamunyama) (21, 24, 128–132). Mukuyungizya, mweelwe wa tuzunda tutakwe muuya mumubili (eecho chiba chiingi mumubili wamuntu uujisi mubili omwe mbuli mbobakomena) ulapanga ma asidi kwiinda mukubika, alo aakonzya kuba anguzu zyakulwana tuzunda tunjila mumubili (17–1921).
Bunji bwabuvwuntauzi bwakusaanguna bwakali kubikkila maanu kukubelesya ma asidi aamubili, kubikkilizya a formate, kucesya Salmonella munzila yamumatumbu ya nkuku, eeyo yakabandikwa mubufwaafwi muzibalo zyiingi (12, 20, 21). Eelyo ziiyo eezi nozilangwa antoomwe, zintu zyiingi zipati zilakonzya kubonwa. McHan a Shotts (133) bakaamba kuti kusanina asidi ya formic a propionic kwakacesya mweelwe wa Salmonella Typhimurium mu cecum yankuku zyakabikkwa tuzunda ootu mpawo bakazibala mumazuba aali 7, 14, antoomwe a 21 aakuzyalwa. Nokuba boobo, aawo Hume abamwi. (128) bakalanga-langa C-14-labeled propionate, bakajana kuti propionate nsyoonto loko muzyakulya ilakonzya kusika ku cecum. Chichili kuyandika kuziba kuti naa eezi zili masimpe aku asidi yafoomu. Nokuba boobo, ino-ino Bourassa abamwi. (134) bakaamba kuti kusanina asidi ya formic a propionic kwakacesya mweelwe wa Salmonella Typhimurium mu cecum yankuku zyakabikkwa tuzunda ootu, eezyo zyakali kubalwa mumazuba aali 7, 14, antoomwe a 21 aakuzyalwa. (132) wakabona kuti kusanina nkuku zya broiler asidi a 4 g/t muchiindi chakukomena kwamviki zili musanu ayimwi kwakacesya bunji bwa S. Typhimurium mu cecum kusika munsi aachiimo chakuzyiba.
Kubako kwa asidi ya foomu muzyakulya kulakonzya kuba ampindu kuzibeela zimwi zyamumapunga aankuku. Al-Tarazi a Alshavabkeh (134) bakatondezya kuti kusanganya kwa formic acid a propionic acid kulakonzya kucesya kusofwaala kwa Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) muzisyango a cecum. Thompson a Hinton (129) bakabona kuti musamu uujanwa mumakwebo wa asidi ya formic a propionic acid wakayungizya bunji bwa asidi yoonse yobile muzisyango azyamukati alimwi wakali kujaya tuzunda twa Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 muchikozyano cha in vitro mubukkale bwakukomezya. Muzeezo ooyu ulagwasyilizyigwa a data ya in vivo kuzwa kuli Bird abamwi. (135) wakayungizya asidi yafoomu mumaanzi aakunwa aankuku zyamunyama muchiindi chakuliimya kulya kakutanatuminwa, mbubwenya mbuli kuliimya kulya nkuku zyamunyama nkozichita kaitanatolwa kubusena bwakupanga nkuku. Kuyungizya asidi yafoomu mumaanzi aakunwa kwakapa kuti mweelwe wa S. Typhimurium uceye muchisyango amumapunga, akucheya kwamweelwe wa S. Typhimurium-positive zilyo, pesi kutali mweelwe wa epididymis (135). Kupanga nzila zyakutola zintu zikonzya kukwabilila ma organic acid aawo naakali kubeleka munsi-munsi aamulyango wamumatumbu kulakonzya kugwasya kusumpula bubotu. Mbuli chitondeezyo, kuvwumbilila kwa asidi ya foomu akuyungizya kwayo kuzyakulya kwakatondezyegwa kuti kulacesya mweelwe wa Salmonella Enteritidis muzibeela zya cecal (136). Nokuba boobo, eezi zilakonzya kuchincha kweendelanya amusyobo wabanyama. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Walia abamwi. (137) tiibakabona kucesya kwa Salmonella mu cecum naa mu lymph nodes zya ngulube zyamazuba aali 28 zyakapegwa musamu wa formic acid, citric acid, alimwi ama capsules aamafuta aayandika, alimwi nokuba kuti kuzwa kwa Salmonella mumafwuta kwakaceya mubuzuba bwa 14, tiikwakaceya mubuzuba bwa 28 Bakatondezya kuti kusanduka kwa Salmonella kwakali akati ka ngulube. wakalesyegwa.
Nikuba kuti ziiyo zya formic acid mbuli musamu uujaya tuzunda mukuvuba banyama zyakabikkila maanu kapati ku Salmonella iizwa muzyakulya, kuli ziiyo zimwi zijatikizya tuzunda tumwi twamumatumbu. ziiyo zya in vitro zyakachitilwa a Kovanda abamwi. (68) baamba kuti asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kugwasya kulwana tuzunda tumwi tujanika mumubili, kubikkilizya a Escherichia coli a Campylobacter jejuni. Ziiyo zyakachitika musule zyakatondezya kuti ma asidi aamubili (nkokuti, asidi ya lactic) antoomwe amisanganisyo yamakwebo iijisi asidi ya formic mbuli chintu chibelesyegwa zilakonzya kucesya mweelwe wa Campylobacter mu nkuku (135, 138). Nokuba boobo, mbuli mbukwakaambwa kale a Beyer abamwi. (67), kubelesya asidi yafoomu mbuli musamu uulwana malwazi aa Campylobacter kulakonzya kuyandika kucenjela. Eezyi zyajanwa zilakatazya kapati kuzyakulya zyakuyungizya mu nkuku nkaambo asidi yafoomu njenzila mpati yakuyoya ya C. jejuni. Kuya kunembo, chimwi chibeela chakwe chamumatumbu chiyeeyelwa kuti chili akaambo kakulya antoomwe azintu zipangwa aasidi zipangwa amabacteria aamumatumbu, mbuli formate (139). muzeezo ooyu ulijisi twaambo tumwi. Nkaambo kakuti formate nchintu chikwela C. jejuni, zibeela zyobile zijisi tumpenda mu formate dehydrogenase a hydrogenase zyakacesya mweelwe wa cecal colonization mu nkuku zya broiler kweelanisigwa a wildtype C. jejuni strains (140, 141). Tachikwe makani kusikila mpokugolela kuyungizya asidi yaanze kuchitila kuti C. jejuni ibelesegwe mumatumbu. Bunji bwa formate bwamumatumbu bulakonzya kuba aansi akaambo kakugwisigwa kwa formate abamwi mabakiteriya aamumatumbu naakuti kunywigwa kwa formate mumubili wakujulu, aboobo zintu zyiingi zilakonzya kuchincha eezi. Mukuyungizya, formate nchintu chikonzya kuchitwa aamabacteria amwi aamumatumbu, aakonzya kusungwaazya mweelwe woonse wa formate mumatumbu. Kupima mweelwe wa formate muzintu zili mumatumbu akuzyiba ma genes aa formate dehydrogenase kubelesya metagenomics kulakonzya kupa mumuni kuzintu zimwi zijatikizya buumi bwama microorganisms aapanga formate.
Roth abamwi. (142) bakeezyanisya mpindu zyakusanina nkuku zyakujika musamu wa enrofloxacin naakuti musamu wa formic, acetic, antoomwe a propionic acids aatala akuvwula kwa Escherichia coli iitakonzyi kulwana misamu iikola. E. coli yoonse antoomwe iitakonzyi kulwana misamu iijaya tuzunda yakabalilwa mumasampulo aamafwuta aakabungikwa kuzwa kunkuku zyabuzuba bomwe alimwi amumasampula aa cecal kuzwa kunkuku zyamazuba aali 14 alimwi a 38. E. coli isolates yakasunkwa kuti ilakonzya kukazyigwa a ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, antoomwe a tetracycline kweendelanya aawo mpobakagolela kale misamu imwi aimwi. Eelyo mweelwe wa E. coli nowakabalilwa akuzyibwa, kunyina enrofloxacin nokuba musamu wa acid cocktail wakacinca mweelwe woonse wa E. coli wakagwisigwa kuzwa ku ceca yankuku zyamazuba aali 17 a 28. Bayuni bakapegwa chakulya cha enrofloxacin bakayungizya mweelwe wa ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, antoomwe a tetracycline-resistant E. coli mpawo bakacheya mweelwe wa cefotaxime-resistant E. coli mu ceca. Bayuni bakapegwa bukoko bakacheya mweelwe wa ampicillin- antoomwe a tetracycline-resistant E. coli mu ceca kweelanisigwa abayuni bakapegwa musamu wa enrofloxacin. Bayuni bakapegwa asidi uusanganizidwe abalo bakacheya mweelwe wa ciprofloxacin- antoomwe a sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli mu cecum kweelanisigwa abayuni bakapegwa enrofloxacin. Nzila eeyo asidi njoibelesya kucesya mweelwe wa E. coli iitakonzyi kulwana misamu iijaya tuzunda kakunyina kucesya mweelwe woonse wa E. coli tiiyakazyibwa pe. Nokuba boobo, mpindu zya chiiyo cha Roth abamwi. zileendelana azyeezyo zya enrofloxacin. (142) Eezi zilakonzya kuba chitondezyo chakucheya kwakumwaika kwamajini aakukazya misamu iijaya tuzunda mu E. coli, mbuli misamu iiswaangene a plasmid yakaambwa a Cabezon abamwi. (143). Inga chabotezya kuchita buvwuntauzi bupati bwakukazyigwa kwa misamu iikola iizwa ku plasmid mubantu bavwubwa mumatumbu kakuli zintu ziyungizyidwe muzyakulya zilimbuli asidi ya formic akuyungizya kusalazya ooku kwiinda mukulanga-langa kukazyigwa kwamumapunga.
Kupanga misamu iikola iijaya tuzunda iikonzya kulwana tuzunda kweelede kuba aampindu nsyoonto kuzisyango zyoonse zyamumatumbu, ikapati kuli eezyo zipona zibonwa kuti zilagwasya kuli yooyo uutambula malwazi. Nokuba boobo, ma asidi aazwa anze alakonzya kuba azintu zitali kabotu kuzyintu zipona mumatunta mpawo alakonzya kulesya nguzu zyabo zyakukwabilila kuzwa kuzilwazi. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Thompson a Hinton (129) bakabona kucheya kwa lactic acid muzilyo zya nkuku zizyala zyakapegwa musamu uusanganizidwe wa formic a propionic acid, kutondeezya kuti kujanika kwa exogenous organic acids muzilyo kwakapa kuti lactobacilli yazilyo iche. Ma lactobacilli aazisyango alabonwa kuti nchintu chikwabilila Salmonella, aboobo kunyonganya tuzunda ootu tujanika muzisyango kulakonzya kunyonganya kuzwidilila kwakucheya kwa Salmonella mumubili (144). Açıkgöz abamwi. wakajana kuti zyintu zicitika mumubili zyabayuni zilakonzya kucheya. (145) Kunyina kwiimpana kwakajanwa mubunji bwazisyango zyamumala naakuti mweelwe wa Escherichia coli mu nkuku zya mazuba aali makumi aane aabili zyakali kunywa maanzi aajisi asidi ya formic. Balembi bakakankaizya kuti eezi zilakonzya kuba akaambo kakuti formate ilasanduka mumubili, mbuli mbukwakabonwa abamwi basikuvwuntauzya kababelesya mafuta mafwaafwi (SCFA) (128, 129).
Kukwabilila asidi yafoomu kwiinda mukubelesya nzila imwi yakuvwumbilila kulakonzya kugwasya kuti isike munsi-munsi aamulyango wamumatumbu. (146) bakabona kuti asidi iitegwa microencapsulated yakayungizya kapati asidi yamafuta aajisi nsinga zifwaafwi (SCFA) mu cecum yangulube kweelanisigwa angulube zyakapegwa asidi iitakwabilidwe. Eechi chakapa kuti balembi baambe kuti asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kusika munsi lyamumapunga kuti yakwabililwa oobotu. Nokuba boobo, zimwi zipimyo, zilimbuli formate a lactate concentrations, nikuba kuti zilisumpukide kwiinda eezyo zyakali mungulube zyakali kulya chakulya chili kabotu, tiizyakali kwiindana azyeezyo zyakali mungulube zyakali kulya chakulya chitakwe lukwabililo. Nikuba kuti ngulube zyakapegwa asidi iitakwabilidwe azikwabilidwe zyakatondezya kuyungizigwa kwa lactic acid ziindi zyotatwe, mweelwe wa lactobacilli tiiwakachinchwa akusilikwa kuli koonse. Kwiimpana ooku kulakonzya kuboneka kapati kulizimwi zintu zipanga lactic acid mu cecum (1) eezyo zitabonwi anzila eezyi alimwi/naa (2) eezyo zyeendelezya zyakulya zijatikizyidwe, aboobo zilacinca nzila yakubila kutegwa ma lactobacilli aayo apanga lactic acid zinji.
Kuti tukonzye kwiiya kabotu-kabotu mpindu zyakuyungizya zyakulya kumitunta yabanyama bamumapulazi, nzila zyakuzyiba tuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto ziyandikana. Muminyaka miche yayinda, nzila yakutobelezya (NGS) ya 16S RNA gene yakabelesegwa kuzyiba tuzunda twamubili mpawo kweezyanisya kusiyana kwatuzunda (147), eecho chakapa kumvwisisisya kubotu kwakujatana aakati kazyakulya ziyungizyidwe muzyakulya antoomwe azyakulya zili mumatunta zyabanyama mbuli nkuku.
Ziiyo zyiingi zyakabelesya nzila yakubamba zintu zipona mumubili kuti zibone mbozichita zintu zipona mumubili wa nkuku kuti zigwasyigwe. Oakley abamwi. (148) bakachita chiiyo ku nkuku zya mazuba aali makumi one aabili zyakabikkwa misamu iindene-indene ya formic acid, propionic acid, antoomwe a medium-chain fatty acids mumaanzi aabo aakunwa naakuti muzyakulya. Inkuku zyakakwabililwa zyakasunkwa a nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strain mpawo ma ceca aabo akagwisigwa aawo 0, 7, 21, antoomwe a 42 mazuba aakuzyalwa. Zitondezyo zya cecal zyakabambilwa 454 pyrosequencing mpawo zyakazwa mu sequencing zyakali kulinguwe kuti zibikkwe muzibeela akukozyanisya. Kuzulilwa antoomwe, busilisi tiibwakajatikizya kapati ma microbiome aa cecal naa S. Typhimurium levels. Nokuba boobo, mweelwe woonse wakujana Salmonella wakaselemuka aawo bayuni nibakali kuchembaala, mbuli mbokwakasinizyigwa akuvwuntauzya kwa microbiome, mpawo mweelwe wa Salmonella wakaselemuka mukuya kwachiindi. Balembi bakaamba kuti mbuli nkumba zyamunyama mbozyakali kuchembaala, kusiyana kwa tuzunda twa cecal kwakavwula, akuchincha kupati kwakabonwa muzibeela zyoonse zyakusilikwa. Mukuvwuntauzya kwakacitwa ino-ino, Hu abamwi. (149) bakeezyanisya mpindu zyakunywa maanzi akusanina chakulya chiyungizyidwe amusamu wa asidi (asidi ya foomu, asidi ya asitiki, asidi ya propionic, a ammonium formate) antoomwe a virginiamycin kumasampula aa cecal microbiome kuzwa kunkuku zya broiler zyakabwezegwa muzibeela zyobile (1-21 mazuba a 2-24 mazuba). Nikuba kuti kusiyana kumwi kwakabonwa akati kankamu zyabusilisi mumazuba aali 21, taakwe kwiimpana kwakajanwa mukwiindana kwa α- naa β-bacteria mumazuba aali 42. Twaambilizya kubula kwiimpana mumazuba aali makumi aane aabili, balembi bakayeyela kuti bubotu bwakukomena bulakonzya kuba akaambo kakutalisyigwa kwakaindi kaniini kwazyintu zipona ziindene-indene.
Kuvwuntauzya kwa microbiome kubikkila maanu buyo ku cecal microbial community inga tiikwatondezya aawo mumubili wamumatumbu nkozichitika bunji bwazintu zicitika akaambo kakulya. Ma microbiome aamumapunga aali atala aa nkuku zya broiler alakonzya kuciswa akaambo ka asidi zili muzyakulya, mbuli mbokutondezyedwe muzyakajanwa a Hume abamwi. (128). Hume abamwi. (128) wakatondezya kuti bunji bwa propionate yakayungizyigwa kuzwa anze yakanjila mumubili wabayuni. Ziiyo zyakachitika ino-ino aatala akuzyiba tuzunda twamumatumbu azyalo zilagwasyilizya muzeezo ooyu. Nava abamwi. (150) wakatondezya kuti kusanganya musamu wa organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, antoomwe a propionic acid (HFP) kwakajatikizya tuzunda twamumatumbu akuyungizya kujanika kwa Lactobacillus mu ileum yankuku. Ino-ino, Goodarzi Borojeni abamwi. (150) bakatondezya kuti kusanganya musamu wa asidi [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], asidi yafoomu, asidi yapropionic (HFP) zyakajatikizya ma microbiota aamumatumbu akuyungizya kuvwula kwa Lactobacillus mu ileum yankuku. (151) bakaiya kusanina nkuku zya broiler musamu wa formic acid a propionic acid muzibeela zyobile (0.75% a 1.50%) kwamazuba aali 35. Kumamanino aamusunko, chisyango, mwida, zibeela zyobile zyatatu zya ileum, antoomwe a cecum zyakagwisigwa mpawo zitondezyo zyakatolwa kuti zivwuntauzyigwe mweelwe wazisyango zyamumatumbu azintu zipangwa mumubili kubelesya RT-PCR. Muzilengwa, bunji bwa asidi zyabuumi tiibwakachizya bunji bwa Lactobacillus naa Bifidobacterium, asi bwakayungizya mweelwe wa Clostridium. Mu ileum, kusanduka kwakali kwakucheya kwa Lactobacillus a Enterobacter, mpawo mu cecum misamu eeyi tiiyakachincha pe (151). Aawo mpaakali kuyungizya asidi ya organic, mweelwe woonse wa lactic acid (D a L) wakaselemuka muchilawo, mweelwe wama organic acid woonse wakaselemuka mumulomo, mpawo mweelwe wa organic acid wakaceya mu cecum. Kwakanyina kucinca kwakachitika mu ileum. Kujatikizya mafuta aajisi nsinga zifwiifwi (SCFAs), kucinca kulikke kwakacitika muzilyo azyakulya zyabayuni bakapegwa mafuta aajisi busani bwakali mumweelwe wa propionate. Bayuni bakapegwa busani buce bwa organic acid bakatondezya kuyungizigwa kwa propionate ziindi zili kkumi muzisyango, mpawo bayuni bakapegwa busani bobile bwa organic acid bakatondezya kuyungizigwa kwa propionate ziindi zili cisambomwe a kkumi amusanu mu gizzard, kweendelana. Kuyungizya kwa acetate mu ileum kwakali munsi aaziindi zyobile. Kuzulilwa antoomwe, aaya data alagwasyilizya muzeezo wakuti bunji bwazintu zyakachitika akaambo kakubelesya asidi zyaanze zyakali kulibonya mukuzyala, mpawo asidi zyabuumi zyakaba aampindu nsyoonto kubantu bali munsi-munsi, kutondeezya kuti nzila zyakubila zyamumapunga aali atala zilakonzya kuti zyakachinchwa.
Zilibonya, bupanduluzi buzulide bwa microbiome buyandika kuchitila kuti tumvwisisisye nsandulo zya microbiome kuti zipangwe munzila yoonse yamumatumbu. Kuvwuntauzya kwamukati kapati kwazibeela zyama microbial zyazibeela zimwi zyamumatumbu, ikapati zibeela zyaatala mbuli chisyango, kulakonzya kupa luzibo lumbi kujatikizya kusala tubunga tumwi twatunyama tusyoonto. Milimu yabo ya metabolic antoomwe a enzymatic ilakonzya kuziba kuti naa ilijisi kujatana kulwana atuzunda tunjila mumubili. Alimwi inga caba chintu chibotu kuchita buvwuntauzi bwa metagenomic kuchitila kuziba kuti naa kujatikizyigwa amakemikalu aajisi asidi mubuumi bwabayuni kusala kuti kube mabakiteriya manji “aakonzya kuliyumya kuasidi”, alimwi akuti naa kubako alimwi/naa mulimo wa metabolic wamabakiteliya aaya inga kwaba cilebyo cimbi kukukwabilila tuzunda.
Asidi ya Formic yakabelesegwa kwamyaka myiingi mbuli musamu uuyungizyidwe muzyakulya zyabanyama alubo mbuli chintu chipa kuti silage ibe asidi. Chimwi chazintu zibelesegwa kapati nkulwana tuzunda muzyakulya mpawo akunjila kwazyo mumubili wabayuni. Ziiyo zya in vitro zyakatondezya kuti asidi yafoomu nchintu chigwasya loko kulwana malwazi aa Salmonella azimwi zilwazi. Nokuba boobo, kubelesya asidi yafoomu muzyakulya kulakonzya kulesyegwa akaambo kakuti kuli zintu zinji zipona muzyakulya alimwi anguzu zyabo zyakukwabilila. Asidi yafoomu ilibonya kuti ilaa nguzu zyakulwana Salmonella azimwi zilwazi kuti yaligwa kwiinda mukulya naakuti mumaanzi aakunwa. Nokuba boobo, ooku kutamvwana kuchitika kapati mumubili wakujulu, nkaambo asidi yafoomu ilakonzya kucheya mumubili wansi, mbuli mbocibede ku asidi ya propionic. Muzeezo wakukwabilila asidi yafoomu kwiinda mukubikka mubbokesi upa nzila iikonzya kutola asidi munji kunsi lyamumatumbu. Kuya kunembo, ziiyo zyakatondezya kuti kusanganya ma asidi aamubili kulagwasya kapati mukusumpula kubeleka kwa nkuku kwiinda kubelesya asidi yomwe (152). Campylobacter mumubili ulakonzya kuvwiila munzila zisiyene ku formate, nkaambo ilakonzya kubelesya formate mbuli chipego cha electron, mpawo formate ngonzila mpati yakujana manguzu. Tachikwe makani kuti naa kuyungizya bunji bwa formate mumubili inga kwagwasya ku Campylobacter, mpawo eezi tazikonzyi kuchitika kweendelanya azimwi zisyango zyamumatumbu zikonzya kubelesya formate mbuli nzila.
ziiyo zimbi ziyandikana kuti kuvwuntauzyigwe mpindu ya formic acid yamumatumbu ku tuzunda tutali twamalwazi. Tulayandisya kusala tuzunda twamalwazi kakunyina kunyonganya zibeela zyamumapunga eezyo zigwasya kuli sikutambula. Nokuba boobo, eezi ziyanda kuti kube kuvwuntauzya kwamukati loko kwakutobelana kwama microbiome aaba tuzunda twamumapunga. Nikuba kuti zimwi ziiyo zyakasimbwa aatala a cecal microbiome yabayuni bakasilikwa a formic acid, kubikkila maanu kunji kuyandika kuchiinga cha tuzunda twamumatumbu. Kuzyiba tuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto alimwi akweezyanisya kukozyanya akati katuzunda tusyoonto-syoonto twamumatumbu kakuli naa kakunyina asidi yafoomu inga tiikwaba bupanduluzi buzulide pe. Kuvwuntauzya kumwi, kubikkilizya a metabolomics antoomwe a metagenomics, kuyandika kutegwa kuzyibwe kwiimpana kwamilimo akati kankamu zikozyenye. Bube buliboobu bulayandika kapati mukubamba kujatana aakati kazyintu zipona mumatumbu alimwi akuti bayuni balakonzya kuchita obotu kuzintu zibelesya asidi yafoomu. Kuswaanganya nzila zyiingi zyakuzyiba kabotu mulimo wamumatumbu kweelede kugwasya kuti kube nzila zigwasya zyakuyungizya asidi mpawo kumamanino kusumpula kweezyeezya buumi bwabayuni akubeleka kabotu mpawo kakulesya ntenda zyakukwabilila chakulya.
SR wakalemba kulanga-langa ooku alugwasyo lwa DD a KR. Balembi boonse bakagwasya kapati kumulimu wakatondezyegwa mukulanga-langa ooku.
Balembi baambilizya kuti ooku kulanga-langa kwakatambula mali kuzwa ku Anitox Corporation kuti batalisye kulemba akumwaigwa kwakulanga-langa ooku. Basikugwasilizya mali tiibakajisi nguzu zyakuchita aatala amizeezo azyakumanizya zyakaambwa muchibalo eechi chakulanga-langa naakuti kusala kwakuchimwaya.
Balembi bamwi bakaamba kuti buvwuntauzi bwakachitilwa kakunyina makwebo naakuti mali aakonzya kubonwa kuti nkuzwangana.
Dr. DD uyanda kulumba lugwasyo kuzwa ku University of Arkansas Graduate School kwiinda mu Distinguished Teachship Fellowship, antoomwe alugwasyo luzumanana kuzwa ku University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program antoomwe a Dipatimenti ya Food Sciences. Kuyungizya waawo, balembi bayanda kulumba Anitox alugwasyo lwakwe lwakusaanguna mukulemba kulanga-langa ooku.
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