Mafakitali aasementi mbuli aaya aatondezyedwe aawa ngaazwa kapati muya uutegwa carbon dioxide. Asi zimwi zyazintu eezyi zisofweede zilakonzya kusanduka kuba musyobo mupya wamafuta. Munyo ooyu ulakonzya kuyobolwa kabotu kwamakumi aamyaka naa kwiinda waawo.
Aaka nkaano kambi mumulongo uulanga-langa minchina mipya azintu zikonzya kuchitwa zikonzya kuchesya kuchincha kwachiimo chamulengalenga, kuchesya mapenzi aazyo, naakuti kugwasya bantu kuti bazumanane kuchincha kwanyika.
Milimu iigwisya muya uutegwa carbon dioxide (CO2), muya uusofweede, ilagwasya kupya muya wanyika. Muzeezo wakugwisya CO2 mumuwo akuubamba tauli mupya pe. Pesi nkuyumu kuchita, ikapati kuti bantu balakonzya kuula. Nzila mpya ilamanizya penzi lyakusofwaala kwa CO2 munzila yiindene. Ilasandula muya uupya kuba mafuta.
Mu 15 Nalupale, basikuvwuntauzya kuzwa ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) mu Cambridge bakamwaya mpindu zyabo mubbuku lya Cell Reports Physical Science.
Bubambe bwabo bupya bwaandaanizyidwe muzibeela zyobile. Bbazu lyakusanguna lijatikizya kusandula muya uutegwa carbon dioxide kuzwa mumuwo kuba molecule wiitwa kuti formate kuti upange mafuta. Mbuli kaboni daioksayidi, formate ilijisi atomu yomwe ya kaboni ama atomu obile aa oxygen, antoomwe aatomu yomwe ya hydrogen. Formate alimwi ilijisi zimwi zintu zyiingi. Chiiyo chipya chakabelesya munyo wa formate, ooyo uuzwa ku sodium naa potassium.
Bunji bwamaselo aamafuta abelesya haayidirojeni, muya uupya uuyandika mapaipi amatanki aajisi muya kuti unyangwe. Nokuba boobo, maseelo aamafuta alakonzya kubeleka a formate. Formate ilijisi nguzu zyeelene a haayidirojeni, kweendelanya a Li Ju, syabusongo wazintu zyakasololela mukupanga nzila mpya. Formate ilijisi bubotu bumwi kwiinda haayidirojeni, Li Ju wakaamba. Nchintu chikwabilidwe alimwi tachiyandiki kuyobolwa mumanguzu manji.
Basikuvwuntauzya ku MIT bakapanga ntalisyo yamafuta kuti basunke formate, eeyo njobapanga kuzwa ku carbon dioxide. Chakusanguna, bakasanganya munyo amaanzi. Musanganisyo mpawo wakabikkwa muchibelesyo chamafuta. Mukati ka fuel cell, formate yakagwisya ma electrons mukusanduka kwamakemikalu. Aaya ma electron akazwa ku negative electrode ya fuel cell kuya ku positive electrode, akumanizya nzila yamagesi. Aaya ma electron aayinda—magesi—akaliwo kwamahola aali 200 muchiindi chakusunka.
Zhen Zhang, syaazibwene mumakani aazibelesyo uubeleka a Li ku MIT, ulaa bulangilizi bwakuti nkamu yakwe ilakonzya kuyungizya nzila mpya eeyi mukati kamyaka iili kkumi.
Kabunga kakuvwuntauzya ka MIT kakabelesya nzila yamakemikalu kusandula muya uutegwa carbon dioxide kuba chintu chipati mukupanga mafuta. Chakusanguna, bakachibikka mumusamu uujisi busani bunji. Bakasala sodium hydroxide (NaOH), iizyibidwe kuti lye. Eezi zipa kuti kube kusanduka kwamakemikalu ooko kupanga sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), iizyibidwe kapati kuti baking soda.
Mpawo bakajula magesi. Inguzu zya magesi zyakapa kuti kube kusanduka kupya kwakaandaanya atomu ya oxygen yoonse mu molecule ya baking soda, akusiya sodium formate (NaCHO2). Nzila yabo yakasandula kaboni yoonse mu CO2 — kwiinda 96 pesenti — kuba munyo ooyu.
Nguzu ziyandika kugwisya muya uutegwa oxygen zilayobolwa muma chemical bonds aa formate. Mufundisi Li wakaamba kuti formate ilakonzya kubamba manguzu aaya kwamakumi aamyaka kakunyina kusweekelwa manguzu aakonzya kubelesegwa. Mpawo ilapanga magesi aawo noyiinda muchibelesyo chamafuta. Kuti magesi abelesyegwa kupanga formate azwa kuzuba, guwo naakuti manguzu aamaanzi, magesi aazwa ku fuel cell ayooba nzila yanguzu zisalala.
Kuti tuyungizye tuncini tupya, Lee wakati, "tweelede kujana zintu zyiingi zyabulongo zya lye." Wakaiya bbwe litegwa alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Kuti yasanganyigwa amaanzi, mabwe aaya asanduka kuba bulongo.
Farzan Kazemifar ngu injiniya ku San Jose State University mu California. Buvwuntauzi bwakwe bubikkila maanu kukuyobola muya uutegwa carbon dioxide mumaanzi aamunyo. Kugwisya muya uutegwa carbon dioxide mumuwo lyoonse kwakali kukatazya aboobo kwakali kudula, wakaamba. Aboobo nchintu chigwasya kusandula CO2 kuba zintu zibelesegwa mbuli formate. Muulo wachintu ulakonzya kumana muulo wakupanga.
Kwaba buvwuntauzi bunji bwakujata muya uutegwa carbon dioxide kuzwa mumuwo. Mbuli chitondeezyo, kabunga kabasayaansi ku Yunivesiti yaku Lehigh lino-lino bakapandulula nzila aimbi yakusefa muya uutegwa carbon dioxide kuzwa mumuwo akuusandula kuba baking soda. Tubunga tumwi twakuvwuntauzya tulikubamba CO2 mumabwe aalibedelede, akusandula kuba kaboni uusimide uukonzya kusanduka kuba ethanol, mafuta aakola. Bunji bwamapulojekiti aaya masyoonto alimwi taakwe naakagwasya kapati mukucesya mweelwe wa carbon dioxide mumuwo.
Eechi chifanikisyo chitondeezya ng'anda iibelesya muya uutegwa carbon dioxide. Chibelesyo chitondeezyedwe aawa chisandula muya uutegwa carbon dioxide (ma molecule aali mumabbubbu aasalala aasalala pyu) kuba munyo wiitwa kuti formate (mabbubbu aasalala pyu, aasalala pyu, aatuba). Ooyu munyo ulakonzya kubelesegwa muchibelesyo chamafuta kupanga magesi.
Kazemifar wakati nzila yesu mbotu njakuti "tusaanguna kuchesya muya uusofweede." Imwi nzila yakuchita obo nkucinca mafuta aazwa kuzintu zyakasyaala akubelesya manguzu aakonzya kubelesegwa lubo mbuli guwo naa zuba. Eezi ncibeela chakusanduka basayaansi ncobaamba kuti "kugwisya kaboni." Asi wakayungizya kuti kulesya kuchincha kwachiimo chamulengalenga kuyandika nzila zyiingi. Eeyi nzila mpya ilayandika kuti ijate kaboni mumasena aakatazya kugwisya kaboni, wakaamba. Kobweza zigayo zyabutale antoomwe amafakitali aasamenti, kuti twaamba zikozyanyo zyobile.
Kabunga ka MIT alimwi kabona bubotu mukuswaanganya tuncini twabo tupya anguzu zyazuba azyamuwo. Mabbattery aachiindi akapangwa kuti abambe manguzu kwamviki zyiingi. Kubamba mumuni wazuba lyamupeyo muchiindi chamupeyo naakuti kwachiindi chilamfu kuyandika nzila imbi. "Amafuta aa formate," Lee wakaamba, tochikonzyi pe kuyobola zintu zyachiindi. "Chilakonzya kuba chamazyalani."
Inga tiikwamweka mbuli ngolide, pesi "Ndilakonzya kusiya matani aali 200... aa formate kubana bangu basankwa abasimbi," Lee wakaamba, "mbuli lukono."
Alkaline: Ibbala lipandulula chintu chipanga ma hydroxide ions (OH-) mumusamu. Eeyi misamu alimwi yiitwa kuti alkaline (kwiindana a acidic) mpo ilaa pH yiinda a 7.
Aquifer: Bbwe likonzya kubamba maanzi aansi anyika. Ibbala eeli lilabeleka akumasena aali ansi anyika.
Basalt: bbwe lisiya lizwa kumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo uuzwa mumulilo).
kujatana: (mu chemistry) kujatana kutamani aakati kama atomu (naa tubunga twama atomu) mu molecule. Chipangwa anguzu zikwela aakati kama atomu aajatikizyidwe. Zilongwe zyamana kuchitwa, ma atomu abelekela mbuli chintu chomwe. Kuti kwaandaanye ma atomu, manguzu aali mbuli kupya naakuti mumuni uumbi ayelede kupegwa kuma molecule.
Kaboni: Nchintu chamakemikalu chili ntalisyo yabuumi boonse anyika. Kaboni ilajanika kakunyina kuzungaana muchikozyano cha graphite a daimondi. Nchintu chipati loko mumalasha, bbwe lya limestone, a petroleum, mpo chilakonzya kuliswaanganya alikke kuti chipange ma molecule aasiyene-siyene aagwasya mumakemikalu, mubuumi, amumakwebo. (Mukuvwuntauzya kwachiimo chamulengalenga) Ibbala lyakuti kaboni chimwi chiindi lilabelesyegwa antoomwe a kaboni dayokisayidi kwaamba ntenda iikonzya kuchitwa amulimu, chipangwa, milawu, naakuti nzila zikonzya kuchitwa mukupya kwamulengalenga kwachiindi chilamfu.
Kaboni dayokisayidi: (naa CO2) muya uutakwe mubala, uutakwe kununkilila uuzwa kubanyama boonse eelyo muuya ngobayoya nuswaangana azyakulya zijisi kaboni zinji nzyobalya. I carbon dioxide alimwi ilazwa aawo zintu zipona, kubikkilizya amafuta mbuli mafuta naa muya uuzwa muzilenge, nozitentwa. Kaboni daioksayidi muya uusofweede uujata kupya mumulengalenga wanyika. Zisyango zisandula muya uutegwa carbon dioxide kuba muya mubotu kwiinda mukupanga chakulya chabo beni.
Sementi: Chintu chijata zintu zibili antoomwe, kupa kuti ziyume kuba chintu chiyumu, naakuti gluu ilemu iibelesyegwa kujatisya zintu zyobile antoomwe. (Kuyaka) Chintu chigayidwe chibelesegwa kuswanizya musenga naakuti bbwe lityokedwe antoomwe kuti lipange simenti. Sementi kanjikanji ilapangwa mbuli busi. Asi kuti yatontola, isanduka kuba bulongo bujisi bulongo buyuma aawo noyuma.
Makemikalu: Chintu chipangidwe ama atomu obile naa kwiinda waawo aajatikizyidwe (ajatikizyidwe) muchiimo chibikkidwe. Mbuli chitondeezyo, maanzi nchintu chipangidwe ama atomu obile aa hydrogen aajatikizyidwe ku atomu yomwe ya oxygen. Fomula yayo yamakemikalu ngu H2O. "Kkemikalu" ilakonzya kubelesegwa mbuli bbala lyakupandulula bube bwachintu buzwa mukusangana kwazintu ziindene-indene.
Kujatana kwamakemikalu: Nguzu zyakukwela aakati kama atomu zili anguzu zyakuti zintu zijatene zibeleke mbuli chintu chomwe. Zimwi zintu zikkomanisya zili anguzu, zimwi zilaanguzu. Zilongwe zyoonse zilibonya kuti ziswaanganya ma atomu kwiinda mukwaabana (naa kusola kwaabana) ma electron.
Kusanduka kwamakemikalu: Nchito iibikkilizya kubamba bupya ma molecule naakuti bupange bwachintu kutali kuchincha chiimo (nkokuti, kuzwa kuchintu chiyumu kuya ku muya).
Chemistry: mutabi wasayaansi uuyiya bupange, bupange, bube, antoomwe akuswaangana kwazintu. Basayaansi babelesya luzibo oolu kwiiya zintu nzyobatazyi, kuzyala zintu zigwasya mubunji, naa kubamba akupanga zintu zipya zigwasya. (yamisamu yamakemikalu) Makemikalu alimwi aamba fomuyula yamisamu, nzila njiyakabambwa, naakuti zimwi zibeela zyayo. Bantu babeleka mumulimo ooyu baitwa kuti ba chemistry. (muzyiiyo zyabukkale) inguzu zyabantu zyakubelekela antoomwe, kumvwana, akukkomana kuba antoomwe.
Kuchincha kwachiimo chamulengalenga: Kuchincha kupati, kwachiindi chilamfu kwachiimo chamulengalenga waanyika. Eezi zilakonzya kuchitika biyo naakuti akaambo kamilimo yabantu, ikuswanizya akuumpa mafuta aakaindi akugela misitu.
Kugwisya muya uusofweede: chaamba kucinca kwakuyanda kuzwa kukusofwaazya minchina, milimu, anzila zyakujana manguzu zigwisya muya uusofweede, mbuli muya uusofweede, mbuli muya uusofweede a methane, kuya mumulengalenga. Makanze ngakuti kucesyegwe muya uutegwa carbon gas uugwasya kuchincha kwachiimo chamulengalenga.
Magesi: kweenda kwanguzu zyamagesi, kanjikanji zizwa mukweenda kwatuniini tujisi nguzu zitali kabotu zyaambwa kuti ma electron.
Electron: kabeela kajisi nguzu zitali kabotu kanjikanji kazyunguluka kunze lya atomu; alimwi nguunyamuna magesi muzintu ziyumu.
Injiniya: Muntu uubelesya sayensi anamba kumanizya mapenzi. Eelyo nolibelesyegwa mbuli bbala, ibbala lyakuti injiniya lyaamba kubamba chintu, chintu, naakuti nzila yakumanizya penzi naakuti ziyandika zitanazuzikizigwa.
Ethanol: Bukoko, alimwi bwiitwa kuti ethyl alcohol, oobo bupa kuti kube bukoko mbuli moombe, waini, alimwi abukoko. Alimwi chilabelesyegwa mbuli chintu chakusanzya amafuta (mbuli chitondeezyo, kanjikanji chisanganizidwe amafuta).
Sefa: (n.) Chintu chipa kuti zimwi zintu kaziinda mpawo zimwi kaziinda, kweendelana abupati bwazyo naakuti bube bumbi. (v.) Nzila yakusala zintu zimwi kweendelanya abube bwazyo mbuli bupati, bupati, nguzu, azimwi. (mu physics) Cipekupeku, bbazu, naa cibeela cacintu cibweza mumuni naa radiation imwi naa kusala kulesya zimwi zibeela zyaco kuti zitaindi.
Formate: Ibbala libelesyegwa lyoonse lyamunyo naa ma esters aa formic acid, musyobo wa oxidized wa fatty acid. (I ester nchintu chizwa ku kaboni chipangwa kwiinda mukubikka ma atomu aa haayidirojeni mubusena bwama asidi amwi akubikka tubunga tumwi twa organic. Mafuta miingi amafuta mabotu nga ma ester aamafuta aazwa kuzilenge.)
Mafuta: Mafuta woonse, mbuli malasha, mafuta (mafuta aatakwe busani), naa muya uuzwa muzilenge, wakapangwa kwamyaka iili mamiliyoni mukati kanyika kuzwa kuzintu zyakasyaala zyabacteria, zisyango, naa banyama.
Mafuta: kufumbwa chintu chigwisya manguzu kwiinda mukubelesya misamu yeendelezyegwa naakuti nzila ya nyukiliya. Mafuta aazwa kuzintu zyakasyaalila (malasha, muya uuzwa kuzilenge, amafuta) ngamafuta aadumide aagwisya manguzu kwiinda mukusanduka kwamakemikalu aawo naapya (kanjikanji kusikila aawo mpaapya).
Fuel cell: Nchintu chisandula manguzu aamakemikalu kuba manguzu aamagesi. Mafuta aadumide kapati ni haayidirojeni, eeyo ilikke iizwa mulinjiyo nkuunga kwamaanzi.
Geology: Ibbala lipandulula zyoonse zijatikizyidwe abupange bwanyika, zintu zili mumo, makani aakaindi, azintu zicitika aalinjiyo. Bantu babeleka mumulimo ooyu baitwa kuti mbasyaazibwene mumakani aabulongo.
Kupya kwanyika: Kuyungizya asyoonto-asyoonto kwakupya kwamulengalenga wanyika akaambo kakupya kwanyika. Ntenda eeyi iletwa akuvula kwa carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, amwi magesi mumuwo, bunji bwawo azwa mumilimo yabantu.
Hydrogen: Nchintu chiubauba kwiinda zyoonse mububumbo boonse. Mbuli muya, taukwe mubala, taununki, mpawo ulakonzya kupya loko. Nchintu chizwa mumafuta miingi, mafuta, amakemikalu apanga nyama. Chili apulotoni (nyukiliyasi) antoomwe aelekitironi iizunguluka.
Kubamba zintu zipya: (v. kubamba zintu zipya; adj. kubamba zintu zipya) Kubambulula naa kusumpula muzeezo, nzila, naa cintu ciliwo kale kutegwa cibe cipya, cabusongo, cibeleka kabotu, naa cigwasya kapati.
Lye: Izina lya sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Lye kanjikanji ilasanganyigwa amafuta aazisyango naa mafuta aabanyama azintu zimwi kupanga nsipa.
Syaazibwene mumakani aazintu: Muvwuntauzi uuyiya kujatana aakati kabupange bwa atomu a molecule zyachintu antoomwe abukkale bwazyo boonse. Basayaansi bazyintu zyakubelesya balakonzya kupanga zintu zipya naakuti kulanga-langa ziliwo kale. Kulanga-langa bube bwachintu, mbuli bupati, kusima, aawo mpokunyenguluka, kulakonzya kugwasya bainjiniya abamwi basikuvwuntauzya kusala zintu zibotu zyakubelesya mumilimo mipya.
Molecule: Kabunga kama atomu aatakwe magesi aayiminina mweelwe musyoonto kapati wa musamu wa kkemikkalu. Ma molecule alakonzya kuchitwa amusyobo omwe wa atomu naakuti misyobo yiindene yama atomu. Mbuli chitondeezyo, muuya uuli mumuwo upangwa ama atomu obile aamuwo (O2), mpawo maanzi ajisi ma atomu obile aa haayidirojeni a atomu yomwe ya oxygen (H2O).
Chintu chisofwaazya: Nchintu chisofwaazya chimwi chintu, mbuli muuya, maanzi, bantu, naakuti chakulya. Zimwi zisofwaazya nzintu zipangwa amakemikalu, mbuli misamu iijaya tuzunda. Zimwi zintu zisofwaazya zilakonzya kuba radiation, kubikkilizya akupya kapati naa mumuni. Nansya nsaku azimwi zisyango zilakonzya kubonwa kuti ninzila yakusofwaazya zintu zipona.
Nguzu: Ibbala lyaamba chintu chili anguzu loko naakuti chilaanguzu (mbuli tuzunda, poisoni, musamu, naakuti asidi).
Zikonzya kubambululwa: Ibbala lyaamba chintu chikonzya kuchinchwa kukabe kutamani (mbuli maanzi, misamu iisalala pyu, mumuni wazuba, amuwo). Eezi ziliimpene azintu zitakonzyi kubelesegwa lubo, eezyo zili asyoonto mpawo zilakonzya kumana. Zintu zitakonzyi kubelesegwa lubo zibikkilizya mafuta (azimwi zintu zyakasyaala) naa zintu zitavwuli kujanika alimwi amabwe.