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Kuti koli anamba yachiinga cha ACS, kolemba aawa kuchitila kuti tukonzye kuswaanganya akaunti eeyi kuchiinga chako. (Chakulisalila)
ACS ilabikkila maanu kukukwabilila kwako. Kwiinda mukutuma makani aako, ulakonzya kuswaya C&EN mpawo ulembesye kuswiilila makani eesu amviki amviki. Tubelesya makani ngotupa kuti tusumpule luzibo lwako lwakubala, mpawo kunyina notuyoosambala data yako kulibamwi.
Mu 2005, inkamu mpati yazintu zyakubelesya Colgate-Palmolive yakasiya makwebo aakusanzya zisani zyaku North America kwiinda mukusambala zintu zilimbuli Fab a Dynamo ku Phoenix Brands. Nikwakainda myaka yotatwe, imwi inkamu mpati yazintu zyakubelesya, Unilever, yakasambala zintu zyakwe zyakusanzya zyaku Amelika zibikkilizya All a Wisk ku Sun Products.
Kusambala makwebo aakwe kumakkampani obile masyoonto kwapa kuti muulo wa P&G uusumpukide mu US wakusanzya zizwaato utazuminwi pe. Chakugambya, Procter a Gamble tiibakaambilizya kuzunda pe.
Masimpe, mu 2014, Alan G. Lafley, wakali mupati wa Procter & Gamble (P&G), wakausa akaambo kakuzwa kwa Unilever. Wakati yakazunda muulo waakati-akati wamusika wama detergent, akupa kuti zintu zya P&G kazibikkilide maanu kumusika waatala, mpawo kazipa zintu zyaansi kuli basimuzundano botatwe. Procter & Gamble ngusikusambala zintu zizyibidwe loko zilimbuli Tide a Gain. Chili afwaafwi kusika ku 60% yamakwebo aakusanzya zizwaato muUS, asi aaya makwebo aatazungaani pe, mpo kuli lwiindano lupati akati kazintu zyakkampani abasimuzundano.
Nikwakainda mwaka omwe, umwi wabasimuzundano, inkamu yaku German Henkel, yakazungaanya zintu. Inkampani yakatalisya musamu wayo wakusanzya wakuYulopu uutegwa Persil ku Amelika, wakasaanguna kusambalwa aWal-Mart luzutu, mpawo wakatalisyigwa kulibasambazi balimbuli Target. Mu 2016, Henkel wakayungizya kunyonganya zintu kwiinda mukuula Sun Products.
Kutalisyigwa kwa Persil kwabusya makwebo aakusanzya zizwaato, asi kulakonzya kufwambaana kwiinda mbwaakali kulangila Lafley. Mumwezi wa May wayinda, aawo magazini ya "Consumer Report" niyakaamba chimwi chazintu zipya zya Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, musamu wakusanzya uubeleka kabotu waku Amelika, walo abamwi beendelezi ba P&G bakagambwa. Mulimo wakubikkwa abwami wakasungilizya Tide kuti abe mubusena bwabili mchiindi chakusanguna muminyaka yiingi.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) bakabamba lubo chintu chabo chakusanguna cha Tide Ultra Stain Release mu 2016. Inkampani yakaamba kuti yakayungizya ma surfactants akugwisya maanzi amwi, eezi zyakapa kuti kube musamu muyumu uukonzya kugwasya kugwisya mabala. Magazini yakaamba kuti chintu eechi chakali atala amulongo wa Consumer Reports, nikuba kuti teensi nchintu chipati pe.
Malipooti aabasikuula lino-lino akalemba Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent antoomwe a Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 mbuli misamu yobile mibotu yakusanzya zizwaato mu United States. C&EN iyoolanga zintu zipa kuti kube penzi eeli, antoomwe akubelesya kwazyo abasikupanga.
Malipooti aabasikuula lino-lino akalemba Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent antoomwe a Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 mbuli misamu yobile mibotu yakusanzya zizwaato mu United States. C&EN iyoolanga zintu zipa kuti kube penzi eeli, antoomwe akubelesya kwazyo abasikupanga.
Nchiindi chifwiifwi kwaamba kuti naa Henkel ulakonzya kukazya P&G kuli basikuula baku Amelika baula musamu wakusanzya zizwaato uuli kabotu. Asi kuti basikupanga misamu ba P&G balimvwa kukkutila akaambo kakubula muzundano, masimpe bayoogwisigwa.
Shoaib Arif, mweendelezi wazyakubelesya azyabusongo ku Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, wakapandulula kuti muUnited States, Tide aPersil nzintu zibotu kapati zyakubelesya mumakwebo alimwi zilakonzya kwaandaanizyigwa muzibeela zyone zyakubeleka. Muminyaka yiinda, Arif abamwi basayaansi ba Pilot bakagwasya makkampani manji aapanga zibelesyo zyamuŋanda kupanga misamu mipya yakusanzya azibelesyo zimwi zyakusanzya.
Mumusika uutayandiki mali manji, musamu wakusanzya uutayandiki mali manji pe. Kweelana a Arif, ilakonzya kuba buyo a surfactant iitaduli, mbuli linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) antoomwe amanona amibala. Chibaka chitobela chachintu eechi chilakonzya kuyungizya zintu zigwasya naakuti ziyaka, zilimbuli sodium citrate, tackifier antoomwe a surfactant yabili.
LABS nchintu chibelesya anionic surfactant, chibotu mukugwisya tuniini kuzwa mumasani mpawo chibeleka obotu kumusani wa cotton. Chintu chabili chidumide loko ni ethanol ethoxylate, chintu chitakwe ayoni, eecho chibeleka kabotu kwiinda LABS, ikapati mukugwisya mafuta abulongo kuzwa kuzintu zyakupanga.
Muchibeela chatatu, basikubamba balakonzya kuyungizya zintu zimweka mumuni amuulo uuniini. Eezyi zintu zimweka mumuni zitola mumuni wa ultraviolet mpawo uzigwisye mubusena bwamubala wa lubululu kuchitila kuti zizwaato zilibonye mbuli kuti zilamweka. Ma surfactants mabotu, ma chelating agents, zimwi zintu zyakuyaka alimwi ama polymers aalesyela kujokolosya zintu zilajanwa muzintu ziliboobu, eezyo zikonzya kujata tombe kuzwa mumaanzi aakusanzya kutegwa litanyonyooki alimwi amusani.
Zisani zyakusanzya zidula kapati zili abulemu bupati bwa surfactant azintu zimwi zipa surfactants, zilimbuli alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps antoomwe ama cations. Ma polymers aajata bulongo (amwi aakabambilwa makkampani aali mbuli Procter & Gamble a Henkel) antoomwe ama enzymes azyalo zilanjila mumulongo ooyu.
Nokuba boobo, Arif uchenjezya kuti kuyobolola zintu zyakubelesya kuleta buyumuyumu. Kusikila ambali, kupanga misamu yakusanzya nchintu chesayensi, mpawo basyaabusongo balizyi bubotu bwazibeela zyamakkemikalu, mbuli kubeleka kwazibeela zyamakemikalu.
Wakapandulula kuti: "Nokuba boobo, fomuyula yamana kuchitwa, zyoonse eezyi ziyoojatikizyanya, mpawo tokonzyi kweezyeezya cini fomuyula yamamanino iyoochita biyeni." "Weelede kusunka kuchitila kuti ube achoonzyo kuti chibeleka mubuumi bwini."
Mbuli chitondeezyo, ma surfactants abasikuyaka balakonzya kulesya ma enzyme kubeleka, Arif wakaamba. Basikupanga misamu yakusanzya balakonzya kubelesya misamu iiyumya ma enzyme (mbuli sodium borate a calcium formate) kuti bamanizye penzi eeli.
Franco Pala, syaazibwene mukuvwuntauzya wa Battelle's World Detergent Project, wakaamba kuti bunji bwa surfactant bujanwa muma detergent aali kabotu bulakonzya kuleta mapenzi. "Tachili chakuubauba pe kuyungizya ma surfactants manji loko," Pala wakapandulula. Kunywika kwaba penzi, mpawo kuswaangana kutali kabotu aakati ka surfactants akwalo kuba penzi.
Pulogilamu ya Battelle iijisi bantu banji isololelwa a Pala yakatalika kumatalikilo aamyaka yamuma 1990 kwiinda mukulanga-langa mbozipangidwe zintu zipati zyakusanzya zyanyika yoonse. Battelle ubelesya zibelesyo zyasayaansi zyiingi kugwasya basimakwebo abasikusambala zintu zyakubelesya kuti bamvwisisisye, mbuli chitondeezyo, mweelwe wa ethoxylation wa surfactants naakuti naa musana wa surfactant uli mumulongo naakuti ulaa mitabi.
Para wakati mazubaano, ma polymer nchintu chipati loko mukupanga zintu zipya zyakusanzya. Mbuli chitondeezyo, zyoonse zyobile zintu zya Tide antoomwe a Persil zilijisi polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, eeyo iili polymer iikonzya kunyonyoona tombe yakapangwa a BASF ya Procter & Gamble, asi lino ilajanika kapati kuli basikupanga misamu yakusanzya.
Pala wakatondeezya kuti terephthalic acid copolymers alajanika mulizimwi zintu zyakusanzya zibotu, eezyo ziyoovwumba machila muchiindi chakusanzya, akupa kuti chibaubile kugwisya mabala abulongo muchiindi chakusanzya. Battelle ubelesya zibelesyo zilimbuli gel permeation chromatography kwaandaanya ma polymers mpawo ubelesya infrared spectroscopy kuzyiba mbozipangidwe.
Pulogilamu ya Battelle alimwi ilabikkila maanu kapati kuma enzymes, aayo ngazintu zipangwa a biotech eezyo basikupanga nzyobazumanana kusumpula amwaka. Kulingula mulimo wa enzyme, kabunga ka Pala kakabikka enzyme kuchintu chili a chromophore. Eelyo enzyme niyakanyonyoona busena, chromophore ilaangununwa mpawo yapimwa aabsorption naakuti fluorescence spectroscopy.
Ma proteases alwana ma proteins ngaakali ma enzymes aakusaanguna kusanganyigwa kuma detergents kumamanino aamyaka yakuma 1960. Ma enzymes aakayungizyigwa ku arsenal akali kubikkilizya amylase, eeyo ibola starch, antoomwe a mannanase, eeyo inyonganya zintu zipa kuti kube guar gum. Chiindi chakulya chili a guar (mbuli ice cream a barbecue sauce) nichitilwa azyakusama, chewing gum ilakonzya kuzumanana azyakusama nikuba kuti zyasanzyigwa. Chilibikkidwe muchisani mpawo chibelesegwa mbuli gluu yabulongo, mpawo chipanga mabala aakatazya kugwisya.
Zyoonse zyobile Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 antoomwe a Tide Ultra Stain Release zilijisi protease, amylase antoomwe a mannanase.
Persil alimwi ilijisi lipase (eeyo iikonzya kubola mafuta) antoomwe a cellulase (eeyo iikonzya kusalazyigwa munzila iitaluzi kwiinda mukusanzya zimwi zibeela zya glycosidic mu fiber ya cotton) kugwisya tombe lijatikizyidwe ku fiber. Cellulase ilakonzya kuteteeta kkotoni akusumpula mubala wayo. Aawo awo, kweendelanya amagwalo aa patent, chintu chilibedelede cha tidal detergent ni glucanase, eeyo iikonzya kubola ma polysaccharides aayo amylase ngatakonzyi kubola.
Novozymes a DuPont kwachiindi chilamfu mbabasikupanga ma enzymes, asi BASF yakanjila mumakwebo aaya muchiimo cha ma proteases. Kumuswaangano wazintu zyakusanzya wakachitilwa muGermany muchilimo chainda, BASF yakasumpula kusanganya protease yayo mpya a polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, akwaamba kuti kusanganya ooku kupa kuti kube kubeleka kabotu kuli basikuula bayanda kupanga misamu yakusanzya yakusanzya kakunyina kupya kapati.
Mubunike, Arif abamwi basikulanga-langa makwebo baamba kuti kuzumizya basikupanga misamu yakusanzya kuti bapange zintu zitabelesyi manguzu masyoonto naakuti kukwabilila busena kuzwa kuzintu zyacilengwaleza ninzila itobela mumulimo ooyu. Mumwezi wa 5 mwaka wamana, P&G yakatalisya Tide Purclean, nzila yachikozyano chayo chidumide, oomo 65% yazibelesyo zizwa kuzisyango. Mpawo, mu mwezi wa Nalupale, Unilever yakaula Seventh Generation, inkamu iipanga misamu yakusanzya zisyango azintu zimwi zyakusanzya, kuti injile alimwi mumusika wamasani aakusanzya mu US.
Nikuba kuti kusandula zintu zibotu loko kuba misamu yakusanzya iizwidilila lyoonse nchintu chiyumu, "chintu chichitika mazubaano nchintu chili kabotu," Arif wakaamba. "Basikuula bali mukubuzya kuti, 'Tulapanga biyeni zintu zizwa kuzilenge zitakwe ntenda kubantu akubusena, pesi zibeleka obotu?"