Twalumba kuswaya nature.com. Musyobo wa browser ngobelesya ulaa lugwasyo lusyoonto lwa CSS. Kuti ube aluzibo lubotu, tulalumbaizya kubelesya nzila mpya ya browser (naa kuzima nzila yakubelesya mu Internet Explorer). Kuyungizya waawo, kuchitila kuti lugwasyo luzumanane, eeyi webbusaiti taikabikkilizyi ma style naa JavaScript.
Melamine nchintu chizyibidwe kuti chisofwaazya chakulya chikonzya kujanika mumisyobo imwi yazyakulya kakunyina kuzyiba naa chakuyanda. Makanze aachiiyo aaya akali aakusinizya kujanika akubalwa kwa melamine mumasusu aabana amukaka. Zyakulya zili makumi aane zili mumakwebo, kubikkilizya azyakulya zyabana baniini antoomwe amukaka, kuzwa mumasena aasiyene-siyene muIran zyakavwuntauzyigwa. Bunji bwa melamine bwakali muzitondezyo bwakajanwa kubelesya nzila ya high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). Inzila yakupima (R2 = 0.9925) yakapangwa kuti ibone melamine iili akati ka 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Migaano yakupima akujana yakali 1 μg mL−1 a 3 μg mL−1, kweendelana. Melamine yakasunkwa mumukaka wamwana amukaka wamukaka mpawo zyakatondezya kuti mweelwe wa melamine mumusamu wamukaka wabana amukaka wakali 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 antoomwe a 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, kweendelana. Eezyi zyeelelo zileendelana amilawu ya EU antoomwe a Codex Alimentarius. Nchintu chipati kuzyiba kuti kunywa malili aaya ajisi melamine nsyoonto takupi ntenda mpati kubuumi bwabasikuula. Eezi zilagwasyilizyigwa azyazwa mukulanga ntenda.
Melamine nchintu chizwa mumubili chili afoomu ya C3H6N6, iizwa ku cyanamide. Ilakonzya kunywika loko mumaanzi mpo ilaa 66% ya nitrogen. Melamine nchintu chibelesyegwa kapati mumafakitali chilabelesyegwa munzila zyiingi zyamumulawu mukupanga mapulasitiki, manyolo, azibelesyo zyakupanga chakulya (kubikkilizya akupaka chakulya azibelesyo zyakujika)1,2. Melamine alimwi ilabelesyegwa mbuli musamu wakusilisya malwazi. Mweelwe mupati wa nitrogen mu melamine ulakonzya kuleta kubelesya munzila iitaluzi musamu ooyu akupa bube bwama molecule aa protein kuzintu zibelesyegwa muzyakulya3,4. Aboobo, kuyungizya melamine kuzyakulya, kubikkilizya azintu zipangwa amalili, kuyungizya bunji bwa nitrogen. Aboobo, kwakajanwa munzila iitaluzi kuti ma protein aali mumukaka akali manji kwiinda mbwaakali ncobeni.
Kuli gilamu lyomwe lyomwe lya melamine lyayungizyigwa, ma protein aali muzyakulya ayootanta a 0.4%. Nokuba boobo, melamine ilanyonyooka kapati mumaanzi alimwi ilakonzya kuleta ntenda mpati. Kuyungizya 1.3 grams ya melamine kuzintu zili mumaanzi zilimbuli malili kulakonzya kuyungizya ma protein aamukaka a 30%5,6. Nikuba kuti melamine ilasanganyigwa kuzyakulya zya banyama azyabantu kuti ziyungizye ma protein7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) abeendelezi bamucisi tiibakazumizya melamine kuti ibe chintu chiyungizyidwe muzyakulya mpawo bakaibikka mumulongo kuti ilakonzya kuleta ntenda kuti yamenwa, kuyoyegwa, naa kunjila muchikumba. Mu 2012, mbunga ya World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer yakabikka melamine mbuli musamu wa kkansa wa Class 2B nkaambo ulakonzya kuchisa buumi bwamuntu8. Kukkala kwachiindi chilamfu a melamine kulakonzya kwetelezya kkansa naakuti kunyonyoona nswi2. Melamine muzyakulya ilakonzya kuswaangana a cyanuric acid kuti ipange ma crystals aasalala aatakonzyi kunyoneka mumaanzi aakonzya kunyonganya nswi anyama zyamuchikungu, antoomwe akkansa yamunzila yaminsyu akucheya kwamubili9,10. Ilakonzya kucheta bulwazi bwakulya, mpawo kuti yavwula, lufu, ikapati kubana bavwanda abana baniini.11 Mbungano yaNyika Yoonse Yabuumi (WHO) yakabikka mweelwe wa melamine uukonzya kuzuminwa (TDI) kubantu kuti ube 0.2 mg/kg yabulemu bwamubili abuzuba kweendelanya amalailile aa CAC.12 I US Food and Drug Administration (US) FDA yakabikka mweelwe mupati wa melamine 1 mg/kg muzyakulya zyabana baniini a 2.5 mg/kg muzyakulya zimbi.2,7 Mumwezi waLwola 2008, kwakaambwa kuti basikupanga zyakulya zyabana baniini bakayungizya melamine mumukaka kuti bayungizye ma protein muzintu nzyobapanga, eezi zyakapa kuti kube poisoni yamukaka mpawo kwakapa kuti bana bainda ku 2004 bachiswa melamine muchisi choonse wakabikkwa muchibbadela bantu bainda ku 50,000. 13
Kunyonsya takukonzeki lyoonse akaambo katwaambo tunji mbuli buyumuyumu bwabuumi bwamudolopo, kuciswa kwabanyina naa mwana, calo cipa kuti kube kubelesya zyakulya zyabana baniini kusanina bana. Mukujana mpindu, mafakitoli akatalisyigwa kuti apange malili aabana aali afwaafwi loko amukupa wanseke mubupange bwayo14. Mafuta aabavwanda aasambalwa mumusika kanjikanji akapangwa amukaka wangombe alimwi kanjikanji akapangwa akusanganya mafuta, ma protein, ma carbohydrates, ma vitamini, ma minerali azimwi zintu. Kutegwa zibe afwaafwi amukupa wanseke, ma protein amafuta aali mumukaka alacinca, alimwi kweendelanya amusyobo wamalili, zilayumizigwa azintu zilimbuli mavitamini amaminerali mbuli iron15. Mbwaanga bana bavwanda mbantu bachiswa loko mpawo kuli ntenda yakupegwa poisoni, kukwabililwa kwakunywa busi bwamukaka nchintu chipati loko kubuumi. Nikwakainda mulandu wakunywa musamu wa melamine akati kabana bavwanda baku China, zisi zyanyika yoonse zyakabikkila maanu kapati kukaambo aaka, mpawo kulibilika kwabusena oobu akwalo kwayungizyika. Aboobo, nchintu chipati loko kusimya kweendelezya kupanga masusu aabana bavwanda kuchitila kutabilila buumi bwabana bavwanda. Kuli nzila zyiingi zyakujana melamine muzyakulya, kubikkilizya a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, sensory method, spectrophotometry antoomwe a antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. Mu 2007, mbunga ya US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yakabamba akumwaya nzila ya HPLC yakuzyiba melamine a cyanuric acid muzyakulya, eeyo njenzila iibeleka kabotu yakuzyiba bunji bwa melamine17.
Bunji bwa melamine mumusamu wamwana wakapimwa kubelesya nzila mpya ya infrared spectroscopy bwakali kuzwa ku 0.33 kusika ku 0.96 milligrams a kilogram (mg kg-1). 18 Buvwuntauzi bwakachitika muSri Lanka bwakajana kuti mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka uuzwide uli akati ka 0.39 kusika ku 0.84 mg kg-1. Mukuyungizya, misamu yabana yakazwa kunze yakajisi melamine mpati, a 0.96 a 0.94 mg/kg, kweendelana. Eezyi zyeelelo zili munsi aamulawu (1 mg/kg), asi pulogilamu yakulanga ilayandika kuchitila lukwabililo lwabasikuula. 19
Ziiyo zyiingi zyakalanga-langa mweelwe wa melamine mumafuta aabana baku Iran. Aali 65% yamasampu akajisi melamine, aakati-kati ka 0.73 mg/kg antoomwe a 3.63 mg/kg. Buvwuntauzi bumbi bwakaamba kuti mweelwe wa melamine mumusamu wamwana wakali kuzwa ku 0.35 kusika ku 3.40 μg/kg, aavwelengwe wa 1.38 μg/kg. Kuzulilwa antoomwe, kujanika amweelwe wa melamine mumafoomula aabana baku Irani zyakali kulinguwe muziiyo zyiingi, amwi masampula ajisi melamine yiinda mweelwe mupati wakabikkidwe abeendelezi (2.5 mg/kg/feed).
Twalanga kunywa kupati kwamukaka uuzwa mumakwebo aazyakulya akuyandikana kwamukaka wabana baniini mukusanina bana, chiiyo eechi chakali kuyanda kusinizya nzila yakujana melamine mumukaka wamukaka amukupa wabana. Mubunike, makanze mataanzi aachiiyo aaya akali aakubamba nzila iifwambaana, nguba alimwi iiluzi yakujana mweelwe wa melamine mumasusu aabana amukaka kubelesya nzila ya high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) antoomwe a ultraviolet (UV) detection; Chabili, makanze aachiiyo aaya akali aakuti tuzyibe mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka wabana baniini amukaka uusambalwa mumusika waku Iran.
Zibelesyo zibelesyegwa mukuvwuntauzya melamine zilaandeene kweendelanya abusena bwakupanga chakulya. Nzila yakuvwuntauzya ya HPLC-UV iili kabotu alimwi iisyomeka yakabelesegwa kupima melamine zyakasyeede mumukaka azyakulya zyabana. Zintu zipangwa amukaka zilijisi ma protein aandeene-andeene amafuta aakonzya kunyonganya kupima kwa melamine. Aboobo, mbuli mbukwakaambwa a Sun abamwi. 22, nzila yakusalazya yeelede alimwi iibeleka kabotu ilayandika kakutanaba kuvwuntauzya kwazibelesyo. Mukuvwuntauzya ooku, twakabelesya zisefa zya syringe zibelesyegwa biyo. Mukuvwuntauzya ooku, twakabelesya C18 kkolumu kwaandaanya melamine mumusamu wamwana amukaka. Cifwanikiso 1 chitondeezya chromatogram yakuzyiba melamine. Mukuyungizya, kujokolosya kwamasampu aajisi 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine kwakali kuzwa ku 95% kusika ku 109%, mweelwe wakujokela musule wakali y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), mpawo mweelwe wakusiyana (RSD) wakali kuzwa ku 0.0% kusikila ku 2%. Data iiliwo itondezya kuti nzila eeyi ilasyomeka mubunji bwazintu zyakavwuntauzyigwa (Table 1). Mugaano wakujana (LOD) amugaano wakupima (LOQ) wa melamine wakali 1 μg mL−1 a 3 μg mL−1, kweendelana. Mukuyungizya, mumuni wa UV wa melamine wakatondezya bbanti lyakunjila a 242 nm. Nzila yakuziba ilaampindu, ilasyomeka alimwi ililuzi. Eeyi nzila ilakonzya kubelesegwa mukujana mweelwe wa melamine.
Zyakajanwa zikozyenye zyakasimbwa abalembi bali mbobabede. Nzila ya high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) yakabambwa kuti ibelesegwe kulanga-langa melamine muzintu zipangwa amalili. Migaano yaansi yakupima yakali 340 μg kg−1 yamukaka uutegwa mupunga a 280 μg kg−1 yamukaka wamwana a 240 nm. Filazzi abamwi. (2012) bakaamba kuti melamine tiiyakajanwa mumusamu wamwana kwiinda mukubelesya HPLC. Nokuba boobo, 8% yamasampu aamukaka wakajisi melamine a 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet abamwi 23 bakachita chiiyo chili mbuli cheechi mpawo bakajana kuti melamine iili mumusamu wamwana (namba yachikozyano: 72) kwiinda mukubelesya nzila ya high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) kuti ilakonzya kusika ku 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. Mukuvwuntauzya kwakachitwa a Venkatasamy abamwi. (2010), nzila ya green chemistry (kakwiina acetonitrile) antoomwe a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) zyakabelesegwa kweezyeezya melamine mumukaka wamwana. Bunji bwa musamu bwakali kuzwa ku 1.0 kusika ku 80 g/mL mpawo nsandulo yakali kweendelana (r > 0.999). Nzila yakatondeezya kujokolosya kwa 97.2-101.2 aatala a 5-40 g/mL mpawo kuzyalana kwakali munsi a 1.0% yakusiyana kwachiimo. Kuya kunembo, LOD a LOQ zyakabonwa zyakali 0.1 g mL−1 antoomwe a 0.2 g mL−124, kweendelana. Lutter abamwi. (2011) bakajana kusofwaazyigwa kwa melamine mumukaka wa ng'ombe amukupa wabana bavwanda kababelesya HPLC-UV. Bunji bwa melamine bwakali akati ka < 0.2 kusika ku 2.52 mg kg−1. Inzila ya HPLC-UV yakali 0.05 kusika ku 2.5 mg kg−1 yamukaka wangombe, 0.13 kusikila ku 6.25 mg kg−1 yabana baniini iijisi ma protein aali <15%, alimwi a 0.25 kusikila ku 12.5 mg kg−1 yabana baniini iijisi ma protein aali 15%. LOD (a LOQ) zyakazwa zyakali 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) yamukaka wangombe, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) yabana baniini <15% yamapulotini, antoomwe a 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg) yabana baniini 15-1% mapulotini kakunyina citondezyo, mweelwe wa 3 a 1025 wa LOD a LOQ, kweendelana. Diebes abamwi. (2012) bakavwuntauzya aatala amweelwe wa melamine mumasampula aazyakulya zyabana amukaka kababelesya HPLC/DMD. Mukulya kwabana baniini, mweelwe waansi amutwe wakali 9.49 mg kg−1 antoomwe a 258 mg kg−1, kweendelana. Mugaano wakuzyiba (LOD) wakali 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid abamwi. bakaamba kuti zintu zyakasyeede zya melamine mumusamu wamwana zyakali akati ka 0.002–2 mg kg−1 kwiinda mukubelesya nzila ya Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai abamwi 27 bakakankaizya nzila ya HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) yakuyeyela melamine mpawo bakajana LOQ ya 0.08 μg mL−1 yamukaka, walo wakali munsi aamweelwe wakajanwa muchiiyo eechi. Sun abamwi. wakapanga RP-HPLC-DAD yakujana melamine mumukaka uuzwa mumaanzi kwiinda mukugwisya mumubili (SPE). Bakajana LOD a LOQ ya 18 a 60 μg kg−128, kweendelana, eeyo ilimvwisya kwiinda chiiyo chiliwo lino. Montesano abamwi. wakasinizya bubotu bwanzila ya HPLC-DMD mukulanga-langa bunji bwa melamine muma protein supplements aamunyinza wakupima wa 0.05–3 mg/kg, walo uutali kabotu kwiinda nzila yakabelesegwa muchiiyo eechi29.
Cakutadooneka, ma laboratory aakulanga-langa alagwasya kapati mukukwabilila busena kwiinda mukulanga-langa zintu zisofwaazya muzitondezyo ziindene-indene. Nokuba boobo, kubelesya mweelwe mupati wama reagents a solvents muchiindi chakuvwuntauzya kulakonzya kupa kuti kube zintu zikonzya kuleta ntenda. Aboobo, green analytical chemistry (GAC) yakapangwa mu 2000 kuti ichese naakuti igwisye mapenzi aazwa kunzila zyakuvwuntauzya kuli basikubelesya abusena26. Nzila zyakale zyakujana melamine zibikkilizya chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, antoomwe a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) zyakabelesegwa kuzyiba melamine. Nokuba boobo, aakati kanzila zyiingi zyakuzyiba, zibelesyo zyakumvwa zyamagesi zyakakwela maanu kapati akaambo kakumvwisisisya kwazyo kubotu, kusala, chiindi chakuvwuntauzya chakufwambaana, antoomwe abube bwazyo bwakubelesya kabotu30,31. Green nanotechnology ibelesya nzila zyabuumi kupanga nanomaterials, zikonzya kucesya kupanga tombe likonzya kuleta ntenda akubelesya manguzu, aboobo ikusumpula kubelesya nzila zitamani. Ma nanocomposites, mbuli chitondeezyo, akapangwa kuzwa kuzintu zitanyonganyi busena, alakonzya kubelesegwa muma biosensors kujana zintu zilimbuli melamine32,33,34.
Buvwuntauzi butondezya kuti nzila yakugwisya zintu zitakwe nguzu (SPME) ilabelesyegwa obotu akaambo kakubelesya manguzu manji alimwi akuzumanana kweelanisigwa anzila zyakale zyakugwisya zintu. Bubotu bwabusena akubelesya manguzu kabotu kwa SPME zipa kuti ibe nzila mbotu kwiinda nzila zyakale zyakugwisya mu analytical chemistry mpawo zipa nzila iitamani alimwi iibeleka kabotu yakubamba sampulu35.
Mu 2013, Wu abamwi. wakapanga chintu chikonzya kumvwisisisya loko mpawo chisalazya zyintu zili atala aa plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) biosensor iibelesya kujatana aakati ka melamine a anti-melamine antibodies kuti ifwambaane kujana melamine mumusamu wamwana kubelesya immunoassay. I SPR biosensor antoomwe a immunoassay (kubelesya melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin) ninzila nguba kubelesya alimwi iitaduli pe mpawo ilakonzya kuzyiba buyo 0.02 μg mL-136.
Nasiri a Abbasian bakabelesya chintu chikonzya kunyangwa antoomwe a graphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) kuti bazyibe melamine mumasampuli aamakwebo37. Eeyi nzila yakatondezya kusala kupati, kululama, akuvwiila. I GOCS sensor yakatondezya kumvwisisisya kupati (239.1 μM−1), mweelwe wa 0.01 kusikila ku 200 μM, affinity constant ya 1.73 × 104, antoomwe a LOD kusika ku 10 nM. Kwiindawo, chiiyo chakachitwa a Chandrasekhar abamwi. mu 2024 bakabweza nzila iitanyonganyi busena alimwi iitabelesyi mali manji. Bakabelesya chikumba cha papaya mbuli chintu chakucheesya kuti bapange zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) munzila iitanyonganyi busena. Kuzwa waawo, nzila iilibedelede ya micro-Raman spectroscopy yakalungisigwa yakujana melamine mumusamu wamwana. Ma ZnO-NPs azwa kuzisofweede zyabulimi atondezya kuti alakonzya kuba chibelesyo chibotu chakupima mpawo nchintu chisyomeka, chibelesya mali masyoonto mukulanga-langa akujana melamine38.
Alizadeh abamwi. (2024) bakabelesya nzila yakubelesya mumuni uutegwa metal-organic framework (MOF) kuti bazyibe melamine mumukaka. Mweelwe wamulongo amunyinza wakuzyiba, wakajanwa kubelesya 3σ/S, wakali 40 kusikila ku 396.45 nM (kweelene a 25 μg kg−1 kusikila ku 0.25 mg kg−1) antoomwe a 40 nM (kweelene a 25 μg kg−1), kweendelana. Ooku kusiyana kuli munsi kapati aamweelwe wazyintu zyakasyaala (MRLs) zyakabikkidwe kuti zizyibwe melamine mumusamu wabana (1 mg kg−1) azimwi zyakulya/zyakulya (2.5 mg kg−1). Chibelesyo cha fluorescent (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) chakatondezya kulondoka kupati akukonzya kupima kabotu kwiinda HPLC39 mukujana melamine mumukaka. Ma biosensors a nanocomposites mu green chemistry tazisumpuli buyo nguzu zyakuzyiba pele alimwi zilacesya ntenda zyabusena kweendelana amilawu yakusumpula zintu.
Njiisyo zya green chemistry zyakabelesegwa munzila zyiingi zyakujana melamine. Imwi nzila njakupanga nzila yakugwisya zintu zitakwe busani kwiinda mukubelesya polymer β-cyclodextrin iiswaangene a citric acid kutegwa melamine 40 igwisyigwe kabotu kuzwa kuzintu zilimbuli zyakulya zyabana alimwi amaanzi apya. Imwi nzila ibelesya nzila ya Mannich mukujana melamine mumasampu aamukupa. Eeyi nzila tiiduli pe, tainyonganyi busena, alimwi ililuzi loko a 0.1-2.5 ppm antoomwe a 41. Kuyungizya waawo, nzila iitayandiki mali manji alimwi iitanyonganyi busena yakujana mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka uuzwa mumaanzi amunyama yamwana yakalungisigwa kubelesya Fourier transform infrared transmission infrascopy aluzibo lupati alimwi aluzibo lupati 1 ppm a 3.5 ppm, kweendelana 42. Eeyi nzila itondezya kubelesya njiisyo zya green chemistry mukupanga nzila zibeleka kabotu alimwi zitamani zyakuzyiba melamine.
Ziiyo zyiingi zyakapa nzila zipya zyakuzyiba melamine, mbuli kubelesya nzila yakugwisya zintu ziyumu antoomwe a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)43, antoomwe a fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), eeyo iitayandiki nzila zikatazya zyakusaanguna naakuti ion-pair reagents, aboobo ikucesya mweelwe wamakemikalu44. Nzila eezi tazipi buyo mpindu ziluzi zyakuziba melamine muzintu zipangwa amalili, pesi zilatobelezya njiisyo zya green chemistry, ikucesya kubelesya misamu iikola akucesya ntenda zyoonse zili mubusena bwakuvwuntauzya.
Zitondezyo zili makumi aane zyamisyobo yiindene zyakasunkwa ziindi zyotatwe, mpawo mpindu zili mu Table 2. Mweelwe wa melamine mumusamu wazyakulya zyabana amukaka wakazwa ku 0.001 kusika ku 0.004 mg/kg mpawo kuzwa ku 0.001 kusika ku 0.095 mg/kg, kweendelana. Taakwe kucinca kupati kwakabonwa aakati kamyaka yotatwe yabana bavwanda. Mukuyungizya, melamine yakajanwa mu 80% yamukaka, asi 65% yazyakulya zyabana zyakasofwaazyigwa a melamine.
Bunji bwa melamine mumukaka wamafakita bwakali bupati kwiinda bwamukaka wabana, mpawo kusiyana kwakali kupati (p<0.05) (Chitondeezyo 2).
Izyazwa zyakajanwa zyakali munsi aazyeelelo zyakabikkwa a FDA (munsi aa 1 a 2.5 mg/kg). Mukuyungizya, mpindu zileendelana amilawu yakabikkidwe a CAC (2010) antoomwe a EU45,46, nkokuti mweelwe mupati uuzumizyidwe ngu 1 mg kg-1 kuzyakulya zyabana baniini antoomwe a 2.5 mg kg-1 kuzyakulya zyamukaka.
Kweelana achiiyo cha 2023 cha Ghanati abamwi.47, bunji bwa melamine mumisyobo yiindene yamalili aabikkidwe mu Iran bwakali kuzwa ku 50.7 kusika ku 790 μg kg−1. Izyazwa muli mbabo zyakali munsi aamulawu uuzumizyidwe a FDA. Izyazwa kulindiswe zili munsi azyeezyo zya Shoder abamwi.48 a Rima abamwi.49. Shoder abamwi. (2010) bakajana kuti mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka (n=49) wakajanwa a ELISA wakali kuzwa ku 0.5 kusika ku 5.5 mg/kg. Rima abamwi. bakavwuntauzya zyakasyeede zya melamine mumukaka wamukaka kwiinda mukubelesya nzila ya fluorescence spectrophotometry mpawo bakajana kuti melamine yakali mumukaka wakali 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. Chiiyo chakachitwa muCanada mu 2011 kuti chibone mweelwe wa melamine mumusamu wamwana (n=94) kubelesya nzila ya liquid chromatography (LC/MS). Bunji bwa melamine bwakajanika kuti buli munsi aachiimo chili kabotu (chiimo chakusanguna: 0.5 mg kg−1). Tazilibonyi kuti mweelwe wa melamine wakubeja wakajanwa wakali nzila yakabelesegwa kuyungizya ma protein. Nokuba boobo, tazikonzyi kupandululwa akubelesya manyolo, kulongela kubusena bumbi zintu zili mukati, naa zintu zimwi zikozyenye. Kuya kunembo, nkoyakazwa melamine mumukaka uuzwa kuCanada tiiyakayubununwa pe50.
Hassani abamwi. wakapima bunji bwa melamine mumukaka wamalili amukaka uuzwa mumaanzi mumusika waku Iran mu 2013 mpawo wakajana mpindu zikozyania. Zyakazwa muzyaambilizyo zyakatondezya kuti kunze lyamusyobo omwe wamalili amukaka uuzwa mumaanzi, zimwi zitondezyo zyoonse zyakasofwaazyigwa a melamine, amweelwe uuzwa ku 1.50 kusika ku 30.32 μg g−1 mumalili aamukaka a 0.11 kusika ku 1.48 μg ml−1 mumalili. Chazibinkene, asidi ya cyanuric tiiyakajanwa muli zyoonse zyakasampulwa, eezi zyakapa kuti kutabi kuchiswa kwa melamine kuli basikuula. 51 ziiyo zyakachitika musule zyakali kulanga-langa bunji bwa melamine muzintu zya chokoleti zijisi fulaulu wamalili. Aali 94% yazitondezyo zyakazwa kunze a 77% zyazitondezyo zyaku Iran zyakalijisi melamine. Imweelwe wa melamine mumasampu aakazwa kunze wakali kuzwa ku 0.032 kusika ku 2.692 mg/kg, mpawo aayo mumasampu aaku Irani akali kuzwa ku 0.013 kusika ku 2.600 mg/kg. Kuzulilwa antoomwe, melamine yakajanika mu 85% yamasampu, pesi buyo bbala lyomwe lyakajisi zyeelelo zili atala aawo mpozizumizyidwe.44 Tittlemier et al. bakaamba kuti mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka uuzwa ku 0.00528 kusika ku 0.0122 mg/kg.
Chikozyano 3 chilapandulula mubufwiifwi mpindu zyakupima ntenda zyabantu botatwe. Ntenda yakali munsi a 1 mumisela yoonse. Aboobo, taakwe ntenda iitali ya kkansa iizwa ku melamine mumusamu wamwana.
Kusofwaala kusyoonto muzintu zipangwa amalili kulakonzya kuba akaambo kakusofwaazyigwa kutayeeyelwi muchiindi chakulibambila, mpawo kusofwaala kupati kulakonzya kuba akaambo kakuyungizya zintu zimwi. Kuya kunembo, ntenda yoonse kubuumi bwamuntu kuzwa kukulya zintu zipangwa amukaka zijisi melamine nsyoonto ilabonwa kuti njisyoonto. Kulakonzya kwaambwa kuti kulya zintu zijisi melamine nsyoonto takupi ntenda pe kubuumi bwabasikuula52.
Notulanga mbociyandika kweendelezya zyakulya zikwabilidwe mumakwebo aamalili, ikapati mukukwabilila buumi bwabantu boonse, nchintu chipati loko kubamba akusinizya nzila yakulanga-langa akukozyanisya mweelwe wa melamine azintu zyakasyaala mumukaka amukaka wabana. Nzila ngubauba alimwi iiluzi ya HPLC-UV spectrophotometric yakapangwa kuti kuzyibwe melamine mumusamu wamwana amukaka. Nzila yakasinizyigwa kuchitila kuti isyomeke akuti ililuzi. Ikuzyiba akubala kwanzila eeyi kwakatondezyegwa kuti kulakonzya kupima mweelwe wa melamine mumukaka wamwana amukaka. Kweelana a data yesu, melamine yakajanwa mubunji bwazitondezyo zyaku Iran. Ma melamine woonse aakajanwa akali munsi aazyeelelo zizumizyidwe zyakabikkwa a CAC, kutondezya kuti kulya zintu zyamusyobo ooyu zyamukaka takupi ntenda kubuumi bwamuntu.
Ma kkemikkalu woonse akabelesegwa akali aamubala wakulanga-langa: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% iisalala (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); HPLC-grade acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); maanzi aasalala loko (Millipore, Morfheim, France). Zisefa zya syringe zibelesyegwa biyo (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, bupati bwamapopwe 0.45 μm, bupati bwachikwabilizyo 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany).
Kusamba kwa ultrasonic (Elma, Germany), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) antoomwe a HPLC (KNAUER, Germany) zyakabelesegwa kubamba zitondezyo.
Kwakabelesegwa chintu chibeleka obotu loko (KNAUER, Germany) chijisi chibelesyo cha UV. Ziimo zyakuvwuntauzya zya HPLC zyakali boobu: UHPLC Ultimate system iijisi ODS-3 C18 analytical column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) yakabelesegwa. I HPLC eluent (mobile phase) yakali TFA/methanol mixture (450:50 mL) a flow rate ya 1 mL min-1. Bulamfu bwakuzyiba bwakali 242 nm. Bupati bwakunjilila bwakali 100 μL, kupya kwamulongo kwakali 20 °C. Mbwaanga chiindi chakubamba musamu nchilamfu (maminiti ali kkumi amusanu), injection iitobela yeelede kuchitwa musule lyamaminiti aali makumi abili amusanu. Melamine yakajanwa kwiinda mukweezyanisya chiindi chakubamba antoomwe a UV spectrum peak ya melamine.
Musamu uuzumizyidwe wa melamine (10 μg/mL) wakabambilwa kubelesya maanzi mpawo wakabikkwa mufiliji (4 °C) kule amumuni. Sanzya musamu uuliko antoomwe a mobile phase mpawo ubambile musamu uubeleka. Musamu umwi aumwi uuzumizyidwe wakabikkwa mu HPLC ziindi zili musanu ababili. Ikweezyanisya kwa 10 kwakabalilwa kwiinda mukulanga-langa kwakujokela musule kwa busena bwaatala bwakajanwa antoomwe abwaanda bwakajanwa.
Mukaka wa ng'ombe uujanwa mumakwebo (20 masampu) antoomwe amasampu aamisyobo yiindene-indene yamukupa wa ng'ombe (masampuli aali 20) zyakaulwa kuzwa kumakwebo mapati alimwi amafakisi muIran kuti zipe bana bamyaaka yiindene-indene (0–6 myezi, 6–12 myezi, alimwi a >12 myezi) akuyobolwa mufiliji (4°C) kusikila kuvwuntauzyigwa. Mpawo, 1 ± 0.01 g yamukaka uusanganizidwe wakapimwa mpawo wakasanganyigwa a acetonitrile:maanzi (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Musanganisyo wakazungaanisigwa kwaminiti yomwe, mpawo wakazungaanizyigwa mumusamu wa ultrasonic kwamaminiti aali 30, mpawo kumamanino wakazungaanisigwa kwaminiti yomwe. Musanganisyo mpawo wakasandulwa a 9000 × g kwa 10 min atempelecha yamukati mpawo maanzi aakasyaala akasefwa mu 2 ml autosampler vial kubelesya 0.45 μm syringe filter. Ikusefa (250 μl) mpawo kwakasanganyigwa amaanzi (750 μl) mpawo kwakabikkwa mu HPLC system10,42.
Kusinizya nzila, twakaziba kujokolosya, kululama, munyinza wakuzyiba (LOD), munyinza wakupima (LOQ), akulondoka mubukkale buli kabotu. LOD yaka pandululwa kuti nchintu chijanika muchitondezyo chilamfu ziindi zyotatwe kwiinda muzuzumo wakusaanguna. Kulubazu lumwi, musamu uulaa bulamfu bwaatala ziindi zili kkumi kwiinda mweelwe wachitondezyo-a-muzuzumo wakapandululwa kuti LOQ.
Ikwiingula kwachibelesyo kwakajanwa kwiinda mukubelesya nzila yakupima iijisi twaambo tuli musanu ababili. Kwakabelesyegwa zintu ziindene-indene zya melamine (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 a 1.2). Bwiime bwanzila yakubala melamine bwakajanwa. Mukuyungizya, zibeela zyiingi zya melamine zyakayungizigwa kumasampuli aatakwe chintu. Inzila yakupima yakapangwa akuzumanana kunjizya 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 ya musamu wa melamine uuzumizyidwe mumusamu wamwana amukupa uutegwa powdered alimwi R2 = 0.9925. Kulondoka kwakali kulinguwe kwiinda mukwiinduluka akuchita lubo nzila eeyi mpawo kwakajanwa kwiinda mukubikka misamu mumazuba mataanzi amumazuba otatwe aakatobela (muzibeela zyotatwe). Ikwiinduluka kwanzila eeyi kwakali kulinguwe kwiinda mukubala RSD % yazibeela zyotatwe zyaandeene zya melamine yakayungizigwa. Ziiyo zyakuponya zyakachitilwa kuziba bwini. Mweelwe wakupona kwiinda mukubelesya nzila yakugwisya wakabalilwa kumasena otatwe aa melamine concentration (0.1, 1.2, 2) mumasampulo aamukaka wamwana amukaka uuyumu9,11,15.
Kuyeyela kwakulya kwabuzuba abuzuba (EDI) kwakajanwa kubelesya nzila eeyi: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Aawo Ci mpoili mweelwe waakati-kati wa melamine, Cc mpoili mweelwe wamukaka uunywa mpawo BW mweelwe waakati-kati wabulemu bwabana.
Kuvwuntauzya kwa data kwakachitwa kubelesya SPSS 24. Bwiime bwakasunkwa kubelesya nzila ya Kolmogorov-Smirnov; data yoonse yakali misunko iitakwe zyeelelo (p = 0). Aboobo, musunko wa Kruskal-Wallis antoomwe amusunko wa Mann-Whitney zyakabelesegwa kujana kwiimpana kupati aakati kankamu.
Ingelfinger, Jr. Melamine amulimu wayo mukusofwaazya chakulya munyika yoonse. New England Journal of Medicine 359(26), 2745–2748 (2008).
Lynch, RA, abamwi. Ikugwasya kwa pH mukulonga kwa melamine muzilongo zyabana. Magazini yanyika yoonse yazyakulya, 2, 1-8 (2015).
Barrett, MP a Gilbert, IH Kulanga misamu iikola mukati kama trypanosomes. Kuyaambele mu Parasitology 63, 125–183 (2006).
Nirman, MF, abamwi. Kulangisisya kwamu vitro amumubili kwa melamine dendrimers mbuli nzila zyakutola misamu. International Journal of Pharmacy, 281(1–2), 129–132(2004).
Mbungano Yabuumi Yanyika Yoonse. Miswaangano yabasyaazibwene 1-4 yakulanga-langa ntenda zya melamine a cyanuric acid (2008).
Howe, AK-C., Kwan, TH a Lee, PK-T. Bulowa bwa melamine answi. Magazini ya American Society of Nephrology 20(2), 245–250 (2009).
Ozturk, S. a Demir, N. Kupanga IMAC adsorbent mpya yakuzyiba melamine muzintu zipangwa amukaka kwiinda mukubelesya nzila ya high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Magazini yakupanga akulanga-langa chakulya 100, 103931 (2021).
Chansuvarn, V., Panic, S. a Imim, A. Kusala kwa spectrophotometric kuubauba kwa melamine mumukaka uuzwa mumaanzi kweendelanya a Mannich green reaction. Spectrochem. Acta Chibeela A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 113, 154–158 (2013).
Deabes, M. a El-Habib, R. Kuziba melamine mumusamu wamwana, busi bwamukaka antoomwe a pangasius kwiinda mukubelesya HPLC/diode array chromatography. Magazini ya Environmental Analytical Toxicology, 2(137), 2161–0525.1000137 (2012).
Skinner, KG, Thomas, JD, a Osterloh, JD Melamine toxicity. Magazini yabusilisi, 6, 50-55 (2010).
Mbunga yaNyika Yoonse Yabuumi (WHO), Toxicology abuumi bwa melamine a cyanuric acid: Lipooti ya WHO/FAO muswaangano wabasyaazibwene wakagwasyilizyigwa a Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1-4 December 2008 (2009).
Korma, SA, abamwi. Chiiyo chakweezyanisya mafuta aamubili abubotu bwamusamu wamwana uulaa mafuta mapya aabulongo bwabana bavwanda. Buvwuntauzi bwazyakulya zyakuYulopu atekkinoloji 246, 2569–2586 (2020).
El-Waseef, M. a Hashem, H. Kuyungizya busani, bube bubotu abuumi bwakulya kwamwana kubelesya mafuta aamusaansa. Middle East Journal of Agricultural Research 6, 274–281 (2017).
Yin, W., abamwi. Kupanga ma monoclonal antibodies kulwana melamine akupanga nzila ya ELISA yakujana melamine mumalili aatakwe busani, malili aayumu, amuzyakulya zyabanyama. Magazini yabulimi azyakulya 58(14), 8152–8157 (2010).